DTC will not impact foreign investor fund inflows! DIRECT TAX Code to Push Economic Ethnic Cleansing and Impact on the Masses is DESTRUCTIVE Contrary to the Media Hype of Relief!
India may spend $ 80 bn in 5 yrs on defence acquisitions!
Anderson was assured 'safe passage' by Govt: Rasgotra
Indian Holocaust My Fathers Life and Time- Three Hundred Ninety SIX
Palash Biswas
http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/
DIRECT TAX Code to Push Economic Ethnic Cleansing and Impact on the Masses is DESTRUCTIVE Contrary to the Media Hype of Relief!
India may spend $ 80 bn in 5 yrs on defence acquisitions!
India is estimated to spend about $ 80 billion in the next five years on defence acquisitions, making it one of the most attractive markets for global defence firms, an industry study has said.The CII-Deloitte report on 'Prospects for Global Defence Industry in Indian Defence Market' said the defence capital expenditure budget was expected to achieve a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10 per cent from 2011 to 2015.
Total indigenous production between 2011 and 2015 would need to expand from about $ 30 billion to more than $ 70 billion in the span of five years to be able to achieve 70 per cent indigenisation by 2015, the report, released during the Eurosatory-2010 defence exhibition in Paris, said.
It noted that the defence industry would need to expand by an average of 30 per cent a year over the next 5 years.
The report, released by Defence Production Secretary R K Singh, provides information to global investor firms to understand the Indian defence requirements and domestic industry capabilities and opportunities in four key domains -- maritime, land, aerospace and electronics.
Singh, in his address, said the 'Buy and Make (Indian)' category in the Defence Procurement Policy of 2009 was an opportunity for foreign players to partner with the Indian Defence industry.
He further said the new category would enhance the formation of joint ventures and technology partnership between the Indian and foreign defence industry.
Responding to a query, Singh clarified that the defence Ministry was in favour of continuing with the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit of 26 per cent.
"Over the past decade, the Indian Ministry of Defence has put into motion plans for an unprecedented modernisation program of its defence capabilities.
"In this context, India has embarked on a major defence acquisition program, aimed at increasing the size, capability and self-reliance of its armed forces," it said.
The report said the aerospace and defence sector was growing at an unprecedented rate and emerging as a key participant in the Asia Pacific region. It also provided an indicative list of the Indian defence acquisition plans.
In the 2010-11 budget, the government had earmarked $ 32.03 billion (Rs 1,47,344 crore) for defence.
"More than $ 42 billion in total defence expenditure is targeted by 2015, of which approximately $ 19.20 billion would be expected to be spent on capital equipment for the armed forces," the report said.
DTC will not impact foreign investor fund inflows!Which is the Spine of Indian Economy governed by FDI, FII and Borrowing in Absence of Fiscal Policy as Taxation Reloaded once again against the Majority masses with Rothschild`s Surgical Precision!Media Edits and debate just focus on Foreign capital Inflow to continue and even justifies Waren Anderson, SEZ Drive, Deportation, Marketing Survey oriented Census denying Headcount OBC, Unique Identity Number Project for Realty Boom, Inflated Fundamentals Satyam Asatyam,Corporate Manipulations as AMBINIESdead to get Sectorwise supremacy in key sectors including Oil, Gas, Telecome, Pharma, Power and Infrstructure, Disinvestment of Profitable PSUs, Contract Farming and Retail Rural Marketing, Modified genetic food, Corporate War against Aboriginal Indigenous Humanscpae, Knowledge Economy, Health Tour, sex Tourism, Price rise and Inflation, Food Insecurity and Destruction of Ruaral Agrarian Landscape and SELL OFF the nation and Nature!
As Economic Times reports:Foreign portfolio investors will not be materially impacted by the proposed changes in the new tax code, as long as these funds are able to claim tax credit in their home jurisdictions, say experts.
Another factor likely to mitigate the impact of the new tax rule is that India remains one of the fastest growing economies globally, and is likely to attract a sizeable chunk of the flows coming out of other troubled markets.
The proposed rule seeks to tax foreign portfolio investors' revenues from equity investments in India under capital gains tax, instead of under business income.
Business income is income that arises from the regular operations of a company, and hence are taxed at a lower rate. Capital gains are those that arise out of the sale of assets such as land, gold or in the case of FIIs-equity holdings, and hence attract a higher tax.
"The rule is likely to impact very few foreign funds," says Sukumar Rajah, MD & CIO-Asian Equities, Franklin Templeton Investments.
Suresh Swamy, ED, Financial Services, PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC) has similar views. "As of today, there is only a small universe of FIIs which claim their income to be business income. Most of them adopt a capital gains stand. FIIs/sub-accounts were entitled to claim treaty benefits only if they satisfied certain conditions. Not all of them satisfied those conditions," he says.
Mauritius-based institutions continue to be taxed under Mauritius laws, which exempt them from capital gains tax. India has a taxation treaty with Mauritius which is used to save on tax by foreign funds.
"For those who come in from a treaty jurisdiction, there would be little or no impact at all. But those who were from non-treaty jurisdictions and were relying on this being categorised as business income, could be impacted," says Siddharth Shah, head-funds practice, Nishith Desai Associates.
"It's ironical in some sense that such change combined with higher tax rate on capital gains may actually investors push to look at investing through treaty jurisdictions with capital gains benefits," he says.
He, however, cautions investors that one needs to watch out for GAAR provisions and applicability of the same to structures. "While the draft has removed the treaty override provisions proposed under the old draft, one will get a clear picture only when detailed GAAR rules are announced," he told ET.
Shefali Goradia, partner, BMR Advisors, believes it is aspirational for the government to curb treaty shopping by invoking GAAR. "Most other countries have not succeeded in doing this. If the tax officers challenge the Mauritius treaty due to lack of substance, this can be challenged before the courts," she adds.
Punit Shah, ED-tax & regulatory services (financial services) KPMG says that the certainty of availability of the capital gains tax exemption under Mauritius tax treaty is crucial for foreign investors.
"Even though, the discussion paper provides for beneficial provisions of the treaty to prevail, it is subject to passing anti-abuse provision tests, the application of which itself is not objectively provided for. This brings uncertainty and subjectivity in applying the beneficial tax treaty provisions," he said.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/analysis/DTC-will-not-impact-foreign-investor-fund-inflows/articleshow/6056714.cms
Indian Media is concerned of Foreign Capital Inflow and SEZ Drive and NEVR do expose the Social realism of exclusion and Ethnic Cleansing, Hegemony and supremacy of Market Dominating Brahamins! It supports Military Option with Zero Intolerance and Justifies strategic realliance led by United States of America and Israel!It is eager for NRI Government and pose shameless, striped NAKED on Play Boy Cover to plead to PUSH Economic Reforms at all cost even if the Majority Masses is predestined of EXTINCTION as it proved in bhopal Gas Tragedy case. Media has nothing against Defence Budget and Oil Economy, Ethnonationalism, Communalism and tries its best to dilute PUBLIC Opnion and Resistance, Mass Movement, Awareness, Empowerment, Inclusion! It defends the interests of MNCs, LPG Mafia and Extraconstitutional India Incs having the Last Laugh in Governance, Legislation and Policy making Killing Indian Republic, democracy, Constitution and Parliament. It also suports Nuclear, Biological and Chemical warfare. Thus, media is committed to SEZ Future of India to disintegrate the Nation in Foreign Territorries. Hence, the Media Concern is expressed to underplay the disastrous Impact on the Common Masses and it says,Fate of 469 approved Special Economic Zones, which are yet to become operational, hangs in balance with the proposed Direct Tax Code denying tax exemptions to new units in the SEZs.
The introduction of the Direct Taxes Code (DTC), which will replace the 50-year-old Income Tax Act, will make Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) liable to pay capital gains tax on their income from securities trade.
"All the FIIs will be subject to the capital gains tax after implementation of the Direct Taxes Code," said a Finance Ministry official today.
The proposal was included in the revised draft on DTC to plug the loophole whereby some FIIs report their capital gains as business income and claim total exemption in the absence of a permanent establishment in India. This has resulted in lots of litigation.
However, most FIIs report their income from such investments as capital gains.
Those showing their gains from investment in securities as business income also escape tax since it comes under the purview of the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) that India has with other countries.
"It is, therefore, proposed that the income arising on purchase and sale of securities by FIIs shall be deemed to be income chargeable under the head capital gains," said the revised DTC draft.
To plug the loopholes in the double tax avoidance pacts, the government had proposed that domestic laws will override the bilateral tax agreements in the first draft itself.
It has diluted this proposal in the revised draft of the DTC.
The revised draft imposes three conditions when domestic laws will override tax pacts. One of them is when the government decides to impose branch profit tax.
How revised DTC will impact the common man
Comment 
Mail to friend By Vineet Agarwal
The government has released the keenly-awaited revised discussion paper on the Direct Taxes Code (DTC).
The first draft code released in August 2009 was open for public comments, on which the government received valuable inputs from a large number of organisations and individuals.
Responding to the voice raised by the common man and various trade bodies, the finance ministry has axed many proposals of the DTC which would have pinched a common man's pocket.
Some of the major changes suggested in the revised discussion paper which have a direct impact on the tax outflow of the individual taxpayers are:
Also Read: Decoding Direct Tax Code | DTC: Implications for housing, equities I Experts' take on impact of taxing capital gains | Impact of revised DTC on your salary components I Experts' take on Direct Tax Code
According to the revised DTC draft, the tax exemptions for the SEZs have been provided only for the existing units. "...profit-linked deductions of units already operating in SEZs for the unexpired period (of 15 years) will be incorporated," the new draft said.
This provision would mean end of new investment by promoters, who have received formal approvals from the Commerce Ministry after acquiring land for their projects, Director General of the Export Promotion Council for EoUs and SEZs (EPCES) L B Singhal said.
"It really amounts to closing down a scheme, which has given exports of Rs 2,20,000 crore, investment of Rs 1,50,000 crore and employment of 500,000," Singhal said.
He said anxious investors have been calling him for the last two days, stating they had planned investment based on the promises of Parliament since the tax sops provided in the SEZ Act had the legislative approval.
"This morning I got a call from Sri Lanka-based Brandix Apparels, the promoter of a textile SEZ in Andhra Pradesh. He has told me that the investments were pumped in based on the promises given by Parliament," Singhal said.
The uncertainty will affect even the operational SEZs because not all of them have been occupied by units.
At present, SEZ units get 100 per cent income tax exemption on export income for the first five years, 50 per cent for the next five years. They also get exemption on 50 per cent of the ploughed back export profit for the next five years after the first 10 years.
"SEZ policy was made to promote exports in the country... but withdrawal of tax benefits, supposed in draft DTC, will affect the export growth as well as development of self-sustainable industrial clusters," Vice President of Raheja Developers Ltd Manoj Goyal said.
After enactment of a standalone law in 2005, which came into operation in 2006, the Commerce Ministry has given approval to about 580 SEZs of which 111 are operational.
A government proposal to do away with the distinction between short-term and long-term investment for levying Capital Gains tax on securities trading may cause volatility in the market, as investors may not hold stocks for long, analysts said.
"It is a big setback for diversion of savings to capital markets as investors will shy away from keeping investments for long term period. This will also increase volatility," CNI Research CMD Kishor P Ostwal said.
However, investors may not complain about another proposal in the revised draft of Direct Taxes Code to tax FII income from securities as Capital Gains tax, apparently to check the tendency of some of them to evade taxes, they added.
The DTC draft proposes to impose tax on gains in securities trading irrespective of the fact whether securities is held for short-term or the long-term. Currently, the government does not impose tax on gains made from securities held for more than a year, but levies 15 per cent tax on gains made from stocks sold before one year.
On the proposal of imposing tax on FIIs for gains in securities market as Capital Gains, HDFC Securities head for private broking and wealth management Vinod Sharma said, "This will not adversely impact foreign investment."
Foreign investors in general will not have to subject their income to domestic tax if they have rooted their investments through some tax havens, so it is good for the market, good for the foreign institutional investors, Ostwal added.
Anderson was assured 'safe passage' by Govt: Rasgotra
Union Carbide Chief Warren Anderson had been assured a "safe passage" before he came to India in the aftermath of the deadly 1984 gas leakage incident, the then Foreign Secretary M K Rasgotra disclosed here on Thursday.Anderson had requested a "safe passage" through the US Embassy, Rasgotra told in an interview to a news channel.
According to the channel, Rasgotra said the then Prime Minister late Rajiv Gandhi was subsequently told about granting Anderson a safe passage, to which he did not object.
"He (Gordon Streeb, the then deputy chief of the US mission here) said Anderson wanted to come here. There was a tragic situation and he wanted to see things himself, wanted to offer his condolences but he would come only if granted safe passage," Rasgotra said.
"I said, I cannot assure of safe passage. I would have to consult concerned authorities and I will get back to you.....I got in touch with the Home Ministry and I got in touch with the Cabinet Secretary. I told them what Streeb had asked for and I waited for the instructions," the former diplomat said.
Rasgotra also maintained that he got the instructions the "same day".
Terming the request for safe passage by Anderson as "understandable", Rasgotra also described his arrest as "wrong."
"It was quite understandable request. This man wanted to come, express his condolences and sorrow. I thought it was quite understandable and if he wanted to come, we should let him come.......He was given safe passage and the arrest was wrong. And the authorities, I think, realised that was a bad thing to do and they released him," he said.
Asked if the then chief minister of Madhya Pradesh Arjun Singh was unaware of the safe passage which resulted in Anderson's brief arrest in Bhopal, Rasgotra said "Did Arjun Singh really arrest him or the administrative authorities or police arrested. I cannot say."
Rave parties can't stop immediately: Minister
Cow urine drug developed by RSS body gets US patent
Anderson was assured 'safe passage' by Govt: Rasgotra
Woman's fake profile helps rape accused secure bail
Wife bobbitises husband in Punjab
Cops connive with kin in 'honour killings': HC
Hurt yourself to prove case against wife, HC tells lawyer
http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Anderson-was-assured-safe-passage-by-Govt-Rasgotra/635147/All gratuity received is not tax exempt despite hike in limits
17 Jun 2010, 0140 hrs IST,Vikas Vasal,Recent enhancement in limits of gratuity payment has generally been cheered by employees although some worry that these limits for non-government employees are applicable prospectively and not retrospectively.
A lot of queries have been received as to the taxability or otherwise of the gratuity received by different category of employees.
In this context, it is important to note that all gratuity received by an employee is not exempt from tax per se, except up to limits specified under the provisions of the Income-Tax Act, 1961. Therefore, it is important to take a note of the relevant tax provisions in this regard.
Government employees
The government had earlier enhanced the limits up to which gratuity could be received by the employees covered under the government pension/gratuity scheme, in line with the recommendations of the Sixth Pay Commission.
As per the provisions of the I-T Act, 1961, any death-cum-retirement gratuity received under the Pension Rules/Scheme of the Central government or state government or Regulations applicable to the members of defence services, is not taxable.
Gratuity received under the Gratuity Act
In respect of employees receiving gratuity under the payment of the Gratuity Act, 1972, any gratuity received to the extent that it does not exceed an amount calculated in accordance with the provisions of the Gratuity Act, is not taxable. Recently, the government had enhanced the limit for payment of gratuity under the Gratuity Act from Rs 3.5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh. The exemption limits in this case would apply accordingly.
Other employees
In respect of employees receiving gratuity other than under the government pension/gratuity scheme and also other than under the Payment of the Gratuity Act, the computation mechanism in respect of exemption limits has been specified under the I-T Act.
It is pertinent to note that recently the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has issued a notification enhancing the overall tax exemption limit to Rs 10 lakh. Though this is a welcome step, in case of other employees, the following points merit attention while claiming exemption:
The gratuity received by an employee is not taxable if it is received on his retirement, his becoming incapacitated prior to such retirement, termination of employment or if such gratuity is received by his widow, children or dependants on his death.
Further, such gratuity does not exceed one-half month's salary for each year of completed service, calculated on the basis of the average salary for 10 months immediately preceding the month in which such retirement/death etc takes place, subject to the limits prescribed by the Central government.
Salary for this purpose includes dearness allowance, if the terms of employment so provide, but excludes all other allowances and perquisites. Also, as per some judicial precedents, completed service would mean a total period of service whether under one employer or more.
In case, any such gratuities are received by an employee from more than one employer in the same financial year, the aggregate amount so exempt shall not exceed the overall exemption limit. Similarly, where any such gratuities was or were received in one or more financial years, then the exempt amount claimed earlier has to be taken into account while computing the exemption at present.
Caution point
In the case of employees receiving gratuity (other than under the government scheme or under the Payment of Gratuity Act), the limits have been increased to Rs 10 lakh from the erstwhile limit of Rs 3.5 lakh.
This enhanced limit is applicable to employees who retire, become incapacitated before retirement, expire or whose services are terminated on or after 24th May 2010. Therefore, gratuity in respect of earlier period would continue to be governed by the erstwhile tax exemption limits.
(Vikas Vasal, Executive Director, KPMG)
Impact of revised Direct Tax Code on your salary & budget
Comment Mail to friend At first sight the revised proposals under DTC give an impression that exemptions are back where they were. But a closer look at the details reveals that there is a twist in the tale. While it has brought cheer to investors, but financial advisors say other proposals in the revised Direct Tax Code (DTC) could pose some serious problems.
The DTC draft notes ''approved pure life insurance products and annuity schemes will also be subject to EEE (exempt, exempt, exempt) method of tax treatment.'' But it does not specifically mention ULIPs. So, does it mean that unit-linked insurance plans (ULIPs) won't enjoy the same tax-free status on maturity anymore?
Read on as we analyse the impact of revise Direct Tax Code on you salary components and your budget...
News in Pics | ||||||
| ||||||
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/quickiearticleshow/6057750.cms
Direct Taxes Code shock: Short-term can be 2 years
In a move that could spook the stock markets, the revised discussion paper on the Direct Taxes Code (DTC) put out on June 15, 2010, has changed the definition of capital gains on equity and equity mutual funds.
Now, if you buy shares on say April 1, 2011, you would have to hold on to your investment at least till April 1, 2013 —- for a period of two years and one day — to be able to claim a long-term capital gain.
This is because, in the revised discussion paper, long-term capital gain has been defined as an investment held for a period of more than one year from the end of the financial year in which the asset was acquired, said chartered accountant Ameet Patel, partner at Sudit K Parekh & Co.
This is in sharp contrast to the practice under the current disposition, wherein you can book a long-term capital gain by selling the shares anytime after a year of the date of their acquisition, says Sandeep Shanbhag, director, Wonderland Consultants, a tax and financial planning firm. What's more, these capital gains do not attract any tax now.
"The holding period for long-term capital gains has been changed to anywhere between 12 month 1 day (if you buy stocks on the last day of the financial year i.e. March 31) to 24 months and 1 one day (if you happen to buy stocks on the first day of the financial year (i.e. April 1)," said Patel.
Currently, the holding period is the same for all investors.
On the other hand, the period of short-term capital gains on equity has gone up. If you buy shares on April 1, 2011 and sell on any date before April 1, 2013, your capital gains will be categorised as a short-term capital gains. Such gains will be lumped on to your income for the year and taxed at the marginal rate applicable.
Currently, shares sold within a year or less are categorised as short-term capital gains and taxed at 15%.
This move is bound to hurt speculators who trade in the short-term.
The good part, however, is that the period of holding for long-term capital gains made on sale of property, land and gold will come down.
"There is no distinction between financial assets and other
assets. Therefore, the period of holding would be uniform regardless of whether the asset is immovable property or gold or even equity shares," said Shanbhag.
Currently for capital gains on assets like gold, land etc to be categorised as long-term, they have to be held as investments for more than three years. The period of holding for capital gains to be categorised as long-term capital gains comes down to as low as one year and one day. Anything shorter than that will be short-term capital gains.
"For non-share assets such as property, etc, where short-term capital gains were taxed for a period of less than 36 months, now it will be under or equal to 12 months," said Parizad Sirwalla, partner - tax, BSR and Co.
The earlier version of the DTC had done away with the distinction between long-term capital gains and short-term capital gains. All capital gains had to be lumped on to the taxable income for the year and taxed at the top tax rate the tax payer falls into.
The revised discussion paper does away with this and reintroduces the distinction.
The paper also makes the calculation of long-term capital gains on equity a little complicated. Let us say you sell your shares in the stock market for Rs 10,000. You had bought these shares at Rs 4,000 nearly three years back. So you end up making a capital gain of Rs 6,000 (Rs 10,000 - Rs 4,000). Under the current regulations, there would be no tax on this gain.
As per the revised discussion paper, there will be a deduction allowed on this capital gain and the remaining gain will be lumped on to your income for the year and taxed according to the tax rate in the bracket you fall into.
The revised paper does not specify the deduction rate. But let us say this rate is at 50%. So 50% of Rs 6,000 works out to Rs 3,000. The remaining Rs 3,000 (Rs 6,000 - Rs 3,000) will be added to your income for the year and taxed accordingly. So if you come in the 30% tax bracket, this would mean a tax of Rs 900 (30% of Rs 3,000).
"Whatever will be the capital gains tax, it will be reduced by an ad-hoc deduction. Based on these deductions, in case the marginal tax rate is 30%, it will come down to 15%, if they give an ad-hoc deduction of 50%," said N C Hegde, tax partner, M&A tax leader at Deloitte.
It's kick-off time for India Inc
Is China finished as a low-wage manufacturer?
Sensex closes 154 points higher as RIL, L&T stocks surge
Kazakh, Turkmen oil may change course from Iran: Source
- Mayor in Ireland bans the 'R-word' to lift spirits
- European Union studying anti-trust complaint against Qualcomm
- Toyota's Chinese supplier reopens after brief strike
- Oil prices mixed in $77-79 range
- Parkway Holdings: Prize for Malvinder and Shivinder Singh?
- Europe eyes quick move on stress tests, euro jumps
- 'Made in China' must ease worker woes, says Communist Party
- IBM inks multi-million dollar outsourcing deal in India
- US lobby group formed on high-frequency trade
- Swiss parliament approves UBS-US tax deal
- Thomas Cook on hunt for German acquisition
- Food inflation declines to 16.12%, raises hope of further dip
- Double-digit inflation is a worry but not surprising: RBI
- Air India to open engineering base in Dubai
- EA hopes less is more when it comes to games
- Relying too much on e-mail may be bad for business
- Inflation within RBI's estimates: KC Chakrabarty
- Banks should not take excessive risks: C Rangarajan
- ArcelorMittal eyeing stake in Indian firm: Report
- European Union leaders work on ways to prevent new debt crises
- Apple iPhone 4 sets record sale pace despite gaffe
- More companies moving towards benchmarking
- We've not heard the last word on tax reforms yet
- Germany is the new China
- Competition will ensure affordability: Sachin Pilot
- Government to decide on state telcos call for 3G fee refund soon
- Finance secretary says growth impulse stable, but inflation sticky
Good & bad news for the taxpayer
 Email |
 Print |
 Share |
The revised discussion paper on the Direct Taxes Code (DTC) released by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has both good as well as bad news for the taxpayer.
First the good news: Public Provident Fund (PPF) and other employee provident funds will not be subjected to the much dreaded exempt-exempt-taxed (EET) system of taxation. In other words, your PPF and company PF will continue to remain tax-free as they are now. Also, EET would be applicable only prospectively, i.e. the maturity proceeds of any investment made under the current exempt-exempt-exempt (EEE) regime would remain tax-free.
In the case of house property, the original DTC bill had proposed to discontinue the Rs 1.50 lakh interest deduction on housing loans for self-occupied property. Also, rented properties were to be taxed on actual rent or a presumptive rent of 6% of ratable value, whichever was higher. Where no ratable value was available, 6% was to be calculated on cost of acquisition. In a move that will bring cheer to all taxpayers, both these provisions are proposed to be dropped.
Now for the flip side: There is an ad-hoc deduction proposed on long-term capital gains on equity and equity mutual funds. However, this deduction comes at a steep price. First, no indexation is to be allowed on cost. Secondly, the option of adopting the value as on April 1, 2000 instead of the actual cost is also not available. Thirdly, the Securities Transaction Tax (STT) that was proposed to be dropped has been retained — the rate may be modified but the fact is that STT would indeed be payable.
Lastly, the proposed Capital Gain Savings Scheme (CGSS) will also not be introduced. The original DTC bill had a provision where capital gains form sale of assets held for over one year could be saved by investing in CGSS within a period of 60 days from the date of sale.
One can't help but think that investors would have been better off paying a capital gains tax of 10% without indexation or 20% with indexation. At least then, they could have indexed their acquisition cost to allow for the time value of money and would also have had more options to save this tax than just investing in another property, as allowed by DTC.
Also, the original problem of doing away with the current blanket exemption limit remains to be addressed. There is a very clear and present danger that when investors wake up to the reality that the long-term capital gains tax on equity and equity MFs is scheduled to be withdrawn and going ahead there would be no tax-saving mechanism, shares would be sold en masse before the DTC becomes operational.
Such a fire sale is bound to eventually lead to a stock market crash. And since the change of law affects not only domestic retail investors but even FIIs, NRIs etc. alike, this crash could well go on to be the mother of all crashes. And since such a situation is undesirable not only for investors but even the government, any preventive measures need to be thought of from now on.
Last but not the least, the original DTC bill had proposed to impose extremely liberal tax slabs. For income between Rs 1.6 lakh and Rs 10 lakh, the tax rate was just 10%. The 20% rate was applicable for income between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 25 lakh and only those earning above Rs 25 lakh were to pay 30%. This had indeed come as a pleasant surprise and exceeded, I am sure, every taxpayer's expectation. But sadly, when something seems too good to be true, in all probability it is.
The revised Discussion Paper cryptically states that the indicative tax slabs and rates (as well as monetary limits for exemptions and deductions) proposed in the DTC will be decided while finalising the legislation. Translated, this means that the liberal limits proposed originally are going to be significantly toned down.
As of now, just the discussion paper has been released, the Bill containing the actual fine print is awaited. Watch this space for further details.
The writer is director, Wonderland Consultants, a tax and financial planning firm. He may be contacted at sandeep.shanbhag@gmail.com.
Direct Tax Code 2011: Promises to simplify tax system
| Week | Month | Quarter | Hall of Fame |
- Football World Cup 2010..
- Al Gore affair, Laurie David is..
- Watch World Cup 2010 online,..
- Watch live FIFA 2010 World cup..
- Asia Cup Cricket 2010 from June..
- FIFA World Cup Opening Ceremony..
- FIFA 2010 World cup football..
- FIFA World Cup 2010 points..
- UP polytechnic entrance exam..
- FIFA 2010 World Cup Schedule..
Systems reforms for a better world
17 Jun 2010, 0503 hrs IST,ARUN MAIRA,Speaking to members of the Planning Commission at the first anniversary of UPA-II , Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called upon them to reform the role of the commission.
The commission should be a 'systems reform commission' to address the systemic problems of the 21st century, he said. Not only India, but the whole world is facing systemic problems that are endangering the sustainability of economic growth and human development. These systemic issues cannot be resolved with prevalent, non-systemic and compartmentalised approaches to planning and policymaking. Indeed, these approaches have contributed to the growth of systemic problems.
A systemic approach requires fundamental changes in the way we think and act. A cartoon to teach systems' thinking shows a boat whose one end is sinking into the water with the other end lifting into the air. Some people are bailing furiously in the sinking end. In the other end, two men are gloating: 'Thank goodness the hole is not in our end of the boat!'
'No man is an island entire to itself' , poet John Donne said. We cannot be safe within our man-made compartments because systemic problems cross state and national boundaries.
Climate change and terrorism cross national boundaries. The rich cannot be secure within their gated enclaves when there is poverty around. They cannot be smug about the future if only their children are well educated and well fed when hundreds of millions of poor children are not. Because those masses of children are supposed to give the demographic dividend on which the country is relying to sustain its economic growth.
Another cartoon makes another point about systems' thinking. The essence of systems is that many things are interconnected in ways we may not realise.
The cartoon shows a man sitting securely on a chair, and also shows what the man cannot see. He confidently pushes away a slab on his left that is about to fall on him. With his pushback that slab will fall onto another behind it, which will drop on to yet another in a long circle behind the man, ending with a slab on his right which will then drop on him.
He has solved an immediate problem, but has set in motion a chain of events which will hurt him later. In a rush to solve problems, without appreciating interconnections, trains of events can be set off that can create even worse problems . The US Army's gung-ho dash to Baghdad detonated a series of political problems from which the US has still to extricate itself. Systemic problems require many causes to be addressed simultaneously.
They are not amenable to 'silver bullet' solutions. For example, child malnutrition in India cannot be addressed only by nutritional supplements when children also suffer from disease and diarrhoea which washes out the nutrition . Many ministries and specialists must cooperate to make a difference.
A new set of gauges is required for systems reforms. India's economy has weathered the global economic crisis better than most countries, and could be looking ahead to double-digit growth. However the condition of India's sociopolity is causing concern.
Human development indicators are not improving fast enough. And the so-called Maoist cancer is spreading. Policymakers know that economic growth is not sustainable in these conditions. Therefore they must develop a more holistic approach to development and a dash board in which GDP growth is not the only indicator of how well the country is doing.
Editorial Indian shipping & ship-building The smart rebound in India's external trade draws attention to our shipping policy. Manipur can't breathe easy yetEven though the more than two month-long blockade of Manipur seems to be ending now, reports suggest trucks carrying essential supplies are yet to fully reach the state. Lessons in RajneetiIt could have been a scene from a Bollywood film noir but Prakash Jha is not amused. | ||
Columnists | ||
| ||
Direct Tax Code 2011: Promises to simplify tax systemMerinews - Jun 16, 2010 Direct Tax Code 2011 also takes into account capital gains, housing loans and long term savings. The draft of the Direct Tax Code was released by government ... Direct Taxes Code shock: Short-term can be 2 yearsDaily News & Analysis - - 20 hours ago In a move that could spook the stock markets, the revised discussion paper on the Direct Taxes Code (DTC) put out on June 15, 2010, has changed the ...  Direct Tax Codes 2011 Draft LegislationPuggal Latest News and events - Jun 16, 2010 Sunila Mitra, Revenue Secretary was talking to media while revised draft Direct Tax Code was being released yesterday. He told that the draft will be ... Experts' take on impact of taxing long term capital gainsEconomic Times - 19 hours ago Will the proposal to tax long-term capital gains under the revised Direct Tax Code spark a sell-off in equities by the end of this fiscal? ... Direct Tax Code 2011: Revised, New Direct Tax Code for 2011Forestlaneshul (blog) - - Jun 15, 2010 A discussion paper on the new revised Direct Tax Code for 2011 has been unveiled by the government on Tuesday. The new Direct Tax Code is expected to make a ... Short-term gains: more tax at higher slabsistockAnalyst.com (press release) - 9 hours ago 17--Though the revised Direct Tax Code (DTC) has diluted the earlier proposals of the August 2009 discussion paper, a short-term gain will now be taxed at ... Legal pulse: Direct Tax Code (DTC) draft analysedLegally India - - 6 hours ago The revised discussion paper on the Direct Tax Code (DTC) released by the Ministry of Finance on 15 June has received positive feedback from industry ... Revised Direct Tax Code: A SynopsisBlog of India (blog) - - 9 hours ago After releasing the discussion paper on Direct Tax Code (DTC) in August 2009 for public feedback, a revised version of the same was released by the ... India's New Tax Regime: A Lot Like the Old OneWall Street Journal (blog) - - Jun 16, 2010 Government officials on Tuesday proposed a tweaked Direct Tax Code, a new tax system which, when approved by the parliament, will replace ... Govt to table new direct taxes code in Parliament in next sessionEconomic Times - Jun 15, 2010 15 Jun 2010, 1828 hrs IST, PTI NEW DELHI: The government today said that it will introduce a draft legislation on the Direct Taxes Code (DTC), ...  Politics , Business , FinanceUkrainian News Agency - 54 minutes ago The basic rate of the tax on personal income, as the draft Tax Code puts it, makes 15% of the tax deduction basis. At the same time the draft law says that ... Ulips, equity MFs to lose tax cover in new-look CodeEconomic Times - 21 hours ago The Rs 3-lakh tax deduction limit proposed in the draft DTC will also be lowered. Revised proposals for a new Direct Taxes Code to replace the nearly ... Revised DTC to ensure simpler tax regime: FMNDTV.com - Jun 16, 2010 PTI, June 16, 2010 (Ahmedabad) A day after his ministry dropped contentious proposals in the discussion paper on the Direct Taxes Code, Finance Minister ... Middle class gets good news at lastAsian Age - 12 hours ago The revised draft of the proposed direct tax code that was made public on Tuesday is certainly music to the ears of India's burgeoning salaried middle-class ...  Govt softens stand in new tax codeBusiness Standard - Jun 15, 2010 SSN Moorthy, chairman, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), said tax rates in the draft code were only suggestive and the finance ministry has not touched ... We've not heard the last word on tax reforms yetDaily News & Analysis - - 19 hours ago The Direct Taxes Code Bill, 2009 (DTC), which was released in August 2009 raised many concerns on minimum alternate tax (MAT), capital gains tax, ... Direct Tax Code- A mixed bagBank Bazaar - Jun 16, 2010 The draft document of the Direct Tax code has been released, and is a mixed bag for investors. Taxation on capital gains of stocks and mutual funds is the ... Direct Tax Code Completely ExplainedVedicSutra eNews (blog) - - Jun 15, 2010 The New Direct Tax Code is proposed to be implemented from the year 2011. Also, gross rent would not be computed at a presumptive rate of six per cent as ... All bank FDs may come under tax netBusiness Standard - 21 hours ago ... soon lose tax benefits available on fixed deposits (FDs) with an over five-year term once the direct taxes code (DTC) comes into force from April 2011. ... DTC 2.0: Experts puzzled by new steps, say devil in detailsMoneycontrol.com - Jun 15, 2010 The revised discussion paper of the direct tax code proposes significant changes to the application of minimum alternate tax, capital gains tax, ... Retirement benefits off tax netExpress Buzz - - Jun 15, 2010 The new draft code proposes to abolish Securities Transaction Tax. It also proposes that net wealth in excess of Rs 50 crore will be charged at 0.25 per ... Direct Tax Code: Implications for housing, insurance and equities investorsEconomic Times - 20 hours ago At first look it appears that existing tax breaks will continue on life products under the revised Direct Tax Code. But a closer reading shows that this is ... MAT goes back to old wayHindustan Times - Jun 15, 2010 The bill, overhauling India's direct tax laws, will be referred to the standing committee of Parliament after introduction. The Parliament panel, he added, ... No tax on PF, pension in tax codeDeccan Chronicle - Jun 15, 2010 Tax exemptions that are given on principal and interest repayment of home loans have also been retained in the draft Direct Tax Code (DTC) released on ... Govt drops plan to tax PF, pension funds withdrawalsEconomic Times - Jun 15, 2010 The revisions in the Direct Tax Code (DTC), originally proposed in August 2009, also clarified that the tax exemption on interest up to Rs 1.5 lakh per ... Govt exempts tax on PF, pension fund withdrawalDaily Pioneer - Jun 15, 2010 ... benefits like PF on withdrawal and also levy Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) on corporate based on their assets from the revised draft Direct Taxes Code. ... Revised DTC proposals not to eat into revenue: FinminHindustan Times - Jun 16, 2010 PTI Having proposed tax exemptions on retirement and long-term savings schemes in the second draft of the Direct Taxes Code (DTC), the Finance Ministry on ... Tax exemption recommendation is balanced: FinminEconomic Times - Jun 16, 2010 16 Jun 2010, 1352 hrs IST, PTI NEW DELHI: A day after releasing a revised draft of the TAXATION in INDIA India has a well developed tax structure with a three-tier federal structure, comprising the Union Government, the State Governments and the Urban/Rural Local Bodies. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Governments, in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Constitution. The main taxes/duties that the Union Government is empowered to levy are Income Tax (except tax on agricultural income, which the State Governments can levy), Customs duties, Central Excise and Sales Tax and Service Tax. The principal taxes levied by the State Governments are Sales Tax (tax on intra-State sale of goods), Stamp Duty (duty on transfer of property), State Excise (duty on manufacture of alcohol), Land Revenue (levy on land used for agricultural/non-agricultural purposes), Duty on Entertainment and Tax on Professions & Callings. The Local Bodies are empowered to levy tax on properties (buildings, etc.), Octroi (tax on entry of goods for use/consumption within areas of the Local Bodies), Tax on Markets and Tax/User Charges for utilities like water supply, drainage, etc. Since 1991 tax system in India has under gone a radical change, in line with liberal economic policy and WTO commitments of the country. Some of the changes are:
Direct Taxes Personal Income Tax Individual income slabs are 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% for annual incomes upto Rs 50,000, 50,000 - 60,000, 60,000 - 1,50,000 and above 1,50,000 respectively. Corporate Income Tax For domestic companies, this is levied @ 35% plus surcharge of 5%, where as for a foreign company (including branch/project offices), it is @ 40% plus surcharge of 5%. An Indian registered company, which is a subsidiary of a foreign company, is also considered an Indian company for this purpose.
Depreciation and interest deductions: Depreciation rates
Withholding Tax for NRIs and Foreign Companies: Withholding Tax Rates for payments made to Non-Residents are determined by the Finance Act passed by the Parliament for various years. The current rates are: 1. Interest - 20% of Gross Amount 2. Dividends - 10% 3. Royalties - 20% Companies/Corporates - 40% of net income The above rates are general and in respect of the countries with which India does not have a Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). Double Taxation Relief: India has entered into DTAA with 65 countries including countries like U.S.A., U.K., Japan, France, Germany, etc. These agreements provides for relief from the double taxation in respect of incomes by providing exemption and also by providing credits for taxes paid in one of the countries. These treaties are based on the general principles laid down in the model draft of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with suitable modifications as agreed to by the other contracting countries. In case of countries with which India has double taxation avoidance agreements, the tax rates are determined by such agreements and are indicated for various countries as under:
General Tax Incentives for Industries:
Sales Tax Central Sales Tax (CST) CST is 4% on manufactured goods. Local Sales Tax (LST) Where a sale takes place within a state, LST would be levied. Such a tax would be governed by the relevant state tax legislation. This is normally up to 15%. Excise Duty Excise duty on most commodities ranges between 0 to 16%. Only on seven items duty is imposed at 32%, viz., motor cars, tyres, aerated soft drinks, air conditioners, polyesters filament yarn, pan masala and chewing tobacco. Duty is charged at 30% on petrol with additional excise duty at Rs. 7 per litre. The said rates are subject to exemptions and deductions thereon as may be notified from time to time. Central VAT (CENVAT) is applicable to practically all manufactured goods, so as to avoid cascading effect on duty. Small Scale Sector is exempted from payment of excise duty from annual production upto Rs.10 million. Customs Duty The rates of basic duties vary from 0 to 30%. Salient features are: Direct Taxes Code (DTC), the Finance Ministry today said its ...  Direct Tax Code 2011, revised direct tax code by finance ministryHotcurrentnews.com - Jun 15, 2010 The government today released its reviseddiscussion paper on Direct Tax Code (DTC). The first draft tax code wasreleased in August 2009 and received 1600 ... Direct Tax Code 2011 : direct tax code 2011, revised direct tax code, cbdt ...Zoom News - Jun 15, 2010 The government on Tuesday released a 35-page revised discussion paper on the draft direct tax code, which seeks to replace the 50-year-old Income Tax Act, ... |
| 1 | 2 | Next |
Experts' take on direct tax code
17 Jun 2010, 0305 hrs IST,ET BureauET brings to you opinions of renowned experts on implications of the direct tax code for investors in different avenues.
Dinesh Kanabar Deputy CEO & Chairman Tax, KPMG
DTC closes important tax-saving avenue
On Direct Tax Code, the government has done a commendable job in not only simplifying income tax provisions, but also proactively seeking and reacting constructively to public feedback through successive discussion drafts.
From a capital gains perspective, a lot is spoken of its impact on shares and securities, but it is important not to lose sight of capital gains tax impact on 'other' assets.
Under the current tax regime, other assets such as immovable property were classified as long-term capital assets if held for more than three years, whereas under revised DTC a shorter period of one year is prescribed. Thus, all other assets will be entitled to indexation benefits much earlier under DTC.
Due to shift of base year, revised DTC provides capital gains exemption to unrealised gains from 1981 to 2000. While this may be positive news for investors who had purchased investment assets say, immovable property in 1980s, it will definitely impact adversely all other assets purchased post 2000, due to normal tax rate applicable under DTC as against the present reduced tax rate of 20%.
Under the revised DTC, the capital gains savings scheme (which entitled deduction against capital gains arising on sale of any investment asset) is dropped. This has closed out an important tax saving avenue for taxpayers. One hopes that with suitable representation, the government continues with such capital gains savings scheme or introduces other alternative saving schemes to encourage savings and avoid tax hardship to investor.
Kaushik Mukerjee Executive Director, PricewaterhouseCoopers
Good news for home buyers, retail investors
The draft Direct Tax Code (DTC) had envisaged a paradigm shift in the scheme of personal taxation. The focus was on taxation of income without exemptions, at a lower tax rate. The Discussion Paper on the revised DTC deviates from that scheme significantly.
Exempting retirement benefits like provident fund, life insurance products, annuity schemes under the current tax law is proposed to be continued under the revised DTC.
Originally, withdrawal from the retirement benefit schemes was to be taxed. Lumpsum withdrawals on maturity/retirement from life insurance schemes/provident fund would have resulted in taxation at the highest rate.
India does not yet have high-class social security like developed countries. The proposal to exempt the retirement benefits would leave a larger capital base for the retiree and offset the gap to some extent.
The salaried class is one of the most tax-burdened in this country. The original proposal to tax employer's contribution to provident/superannuation funds and valuation of rent free accommodation at market value would have left very little take-home pay for a salaried employee.
The proposal to exempt such contribution and valuing accommodation, possibly, as per current rules should remove the resultant anxiety of the salaried class. Similarly, house owners have reasons to cheer. It was proposed earlier that even vacant property would be taxed on presumptive rental value. There was no rationale for this. This has been done away with.
The deduction for interest on housing loan would help the buyers in the days of rising interest rates. There is good news for retail investors.
Gain on sale of listed shares held for more than one year will be partially exempted through specified deduction, though STT is proposed to be retained. Excluding financial assets from wealth tax should propel longer term investments.
One has to see the fine print to judge the exact implications. Hopefully, tax rates do not go up significantly to offset the benefits.
Shefali Goradia Partner BMR Advisors
FIIs do not have much to cheer about
The DTC proposals regarding change in the tax treatment of capital gains and treaty override had raised huge concerns for the FIIs investing in the Indian capital markets. This had prompted many FIIs to make representations before the government.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/personal-finance/tax-savers/tax-news/Experts-take-on-direct-tax-code/articleshow/6056832.cms
Direct Tax Code: Implications for housing, insurance and equities investors
17 Jun 2010, 0149 hrs IST,ET BureauAt first sight the revised proposals under DTC give an impression that exemptions are back where they were. But a closer look at the details reveals that there is a twist in the tale. While it is a positive for housing, the same holds out a mixed bag for investors in insurance & equities.
The revised discussion paper on DTC has softened the blow on long-term equity investors. The earlier version of the code had proposed a long-term capital gains tax on sale of long-term investments.
If the proposals in the revised draft are implemented, a specified percentage will be deducted from long-term capital gains (instead of factoring in the indexation benefit) before adding the same to the individual's income for computing tax as per the applicable slab rate.
"Compared to the earlier draft, the proposal to deduct a specified percentage from long-term capital gains is a huge relief," says Vaibhav Sankla.
For instance, say you had purchased a stock for Rs 10 in 2000 and the indexed cost of acquisition rose to Rs 20, approximately and you sold the stock for Rs 100 making a gain of Rs 80 (100-20). Under the first draft, the entire Rs 80 will be subject to tax. However, under the revised draft, the long-term capital gain so computed could be just Rs 45, that is, 90 minus 45 (assuming 50% is the specified percentage).
Therefore, the newer version will reduce your tax outgo, since the long-term gain will come down from Rs 80 to Rs 45. If your slab rate is 10%, the effective tax rate on this gain will be 5%, as per the revised draft. The loss from sale of such assets will be scaled down in a similar manner, according to the revised discussion paper.
"My view is that the percentage, which is yet to be specified, could be linked to the slab rate, so as to ensure that those with lower incomes benefit more. On the flipside, securities transaction tax (STT) has been reintroduced, which the first draft had sought to abolish," he says.
Adds Prerana Salaskar-Apte, chartered accountant and certified financial planner: "It is likely that chartered accountants will advise their clients to sell equity assets whenever there is an opportunity to book profits, before the revised code comes into effect from April 1, 2011." At present, there are no taxes on long-term gains from equity.
Another change is that in the new regime, any equity asset that is held for a period of more than one year from the end of the financial year in which it is acquired will be termed a long-term investment while earlier any asset held for more than 12 months was considered long-term.
The revised draft has offered to provide for a transition regime for tax on long-term capital gains. However, the clarity on this count is yet to emerge. This apart, under the revised draft, non-residents will be treated at par with residents for taxation of such capital gains.
Insurance: Work your terms
At first look it appears that existing tax breaks will continue on life products under the revised Direct Tax Code. But a closer reading shows that this is not the case.
In the earlier code, it was proposed to tax maturity benefits of life insurance policies. Revised code reverts to existing exemptions but specifies that these are available only for 'pure' insurance plans. Since no definition is provided for a 'pure' insurance plan there is confusion.
If implemented, the changes in the tax system will be prospective in nature and products that are bought after April 1, 2011, will be subject to the proposed tax system.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/personal-finance/tax-savers/tax-news/Direct-Tax-Code-Implications-for-housing-insurance-and-equities-investors/articleshow/6056740.cms
The Politics of Social Exclusion in India
Democracy at the Crossroads
Edited by Harihar Bhattacharyya, Partha Sarkar, Angshuman Kar
Social exclusion and inclusion remain issues of fundamental importance to democracy. Both exclusion and inclusion relate to the access to participation in the public realm, public goods and services for certain groups of people who are minorities, marginalized and deprived. Democratization has led to the inclusion of the previously excluded in the political process. While the problems of exclusion remain even in advanced Western countries in respect of the minorities of sorts, and the underprivileged, the problem of deep-rooted social and cultural exclusions is acute in post-colonial countries, including India. This book analyses social exclusions in India, which remain the most solid challenges to Indian democracy and development. Communal clashes, ethnic riots, political secessionist movements and extremist violence take place almost routinely, and are the outward manifestations of the entrenched culture of social exclusion in India. With its interdisciplinary approach, the book looks at the multidimensional problems of social exclusion and inclusion, providing a critical, comprehensive analysis of the problem and of potential solutions. The authors are experts in the fields of historical sociology, anthropology, political theory, social philosophy, economics and indigenous vernacular literature. Overall, the book offers an innovative theoretical perspective of the long-term issues facing contemporary Indian democracy.http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415553575/
Identity Politics and Social Exclusion in India's North-East: A Critique of
By NAVA KISHOR DAS
Rated "G" by the Author.
Last edited: Monday, January 25, 2010
Posted: Monday, January 25, 2010
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the question of identity in relation to the vast deprived ethnic tribes of India's Northeast region, bordering China, Burma and Bhutan. It critically reviews the issue of various brands of identity politics since the colonial days, which created the bases for the exclusion of 'ethnic-groups', resulting in various forms of rifts, often envisaged in binary terms: majority-minority; sons of the soil'-immigrants; local-outsiders; tribal-non-tribal; hills-plains; inter-tribal; and intra-tribal. This paper argues that local people's anxiety for preservation of culture and language, often surfacing as 'narcissist self-awareness', and their demand of autonomy, cannot be seen unilaterally as dysfunctional for a healthy civil society. Their aspirations should be seen rather as prerequisites for distributive justice, to which no nation -state can neglect.
Identity Politics and Social Exclusion in India's North-East: A Critique of Nation-Building and Re-distributive Justice BY N.K.Das
This paper examines how various brands of identity politics since the colonial days have served to create the basis of exclusion of groups, resulting in various forms of rifts, often envisaged in binary terms: majority-minority; sons of the soil'-immigrants; local-outsiders; tribal-non-tribal; hills-plains; inter-tribal; and intra-tribal. Given the strategic and sensitive border areas, low level of development, immense cultural diversity, and participatory democratic processes, social exclusion has resulted in perceptions of marginalization, deprivation, and identity losses, all adding to the strong basis of brands of separatist movements in the garb of regionalism, sub-nationalism, and ethnic politics, most often verging on extremism and secession. It is argued that local people's anxiety for preservation of culture and language, often appearing as 'narcissist self-awareness', and their demand of autonomy, cannot be seen unilaterally as dysfunctional for a healthy civil society. Their aspirations should be seen rather as prerequisites for distributive justice, to which no nation state can neglect.
Northeast India is a politically vital and strategically vulnerable region of India. Surrounded by five countries, it is connected with the rest of India through a narrow, thirty-kilometre corridor. North-East India, then called Assam, is divided into Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. Diversities in terms of Mongoloid ethnic origins, linguistic variation and religious pluralism characterise the region. This ethnic-linguistic-ecological historical heritage characterizes the pervasiveness of the ethnic populations and Tibeto-Burman languages in northeast. North-East mountain ranges and river valleys indeed divide up South- East Asia from South Asia. This predominant tribal region, replete with protracted records of isolation, difficult terrain, and lack of intense inter-ethnic contacts, had witnessed formation of three types of society and polity such as 'tribe', 'chiefdom' and 'state' (Das 1989).
The British colonisation process of Assam started in 1826 and ended in 1898. The colonial regime, at the beginning, resorted to the policy of non-intervention in most of then larger Assam. Two administrators J.H. Hutton and N.E.Parry advocated for separation of hill areas from general administrative scheme. In 1873 was introduced "The Inner Line" in hill areas, beyond which no person could pass without a license. Local tribes-people resisted colonial interference in their midst, and thus they often attacked the British. Their resistances were depicted as 'raids' and 'uprisings' (Das 1989, 1993:28). In the long history of this region the feelings of in-group-out-group, perceived marginalisation, and 'minority-consciousness' have variously surfaced as key factors causing ethnic unrest. Depending on varied influences of marginality and ethnicity some movements remained more explicit and specific than others, in articulating and defining their objectives. Strategies of operation correspondingly varied. Ethnic conflicts in northeast originally grew essentially through primordial affiliations. The distinctive ethnicity factor amongst communities led to steady expansion of aggressive binary categories of in-group and out-group (Das 1989, 1994, 2004, 2007).
Language has always been in the centre-stage of ethnic turmoil in northeast. The Bodo Sahitya Sabha (established in 1952) and PTCA however ultimately succeeded in making the Bodo language the medium of instruction (up to the secondary level). In doing so the Bodo-leaders opted for the Roman script - though they were ultimately convinced to accept the Devanagari script. The Mishing Agom Kebang (Mishing Sahitya Sabha) formed in 1972 and several other Missing organizations had also worked consistently and succeeded in 1987 to introduce Mishing language as a subject of study in primary schools. The rejection of the Assamese script by the Miris, the Bodos and others dismayed the Assamese, who thought, without their tribal counterparts they may become minority, overwhelmed by the Bengali - speaking population (Miri 1993: 71). The Ahom, Meitei, Zeliangrong, Seng Khasi, and Zomi communities had all felt threatened by the near extinction of their original language and religion (Das and Gupta 1982, Das 1989:). In Manipur Valley the Meitei revivalist leaders (before the formal inclusion of Manipur-Meitei in the Eighth schedule to the Constitution), had demanded that the Manipuri language be named "Meeteilon'. The Zeliangrong movement grew as a religious-cultural movement, originally against the spread of Christianity, but it assumed an anti –colonial political overtone. It actually came out to be the only tribal movement of north east which maintained links with the national freedom struggle (Das 1989). The Zeliangrong People's conference (ZPC), demanded the recognition of ethnic nomenclature 'Zeliangrong', an acronym ( Ze-Liang- - Rong), who are spread in contiguous areas of Manipur, Nagaland and Assam.
On the eve of Independence of India, several ethnic groups had variously made effective use of the factors of ethnicity and regionalism as basis of ethnic rage, and democratic struggle for self-rule, greater autonomy and militant actions. Other factors such as frontier location, development process, rise of Christianity and democratic process, partition of country, influx of 'infiltrators' and minority syndrome variously led to claims of separatism among the communities. The more assertive tribes who consistently rebelled against their incorporation within the new Indian nation-state such as the Nagas and Mizos ultimately succeeded in attaining status of 'statehood' and greater autonomy. Thereby they also succeeded in changing their minority status to that of a majority status in respective hilly states. Even after the formation of Nagaland, however, the Naga movement had not died, as A.Z Phizo, who had originally given the call for a ' long Naga struggle' in 1953, continued to occupy centre-stage later also (Das 1982, 1994, 2004, 2007). The Naga movement, in which both 'ethnicity' and 'extreme nationalism' were used as operational strategies, is regarded as the mother of all movements in northeast India. The origin of ethnicity among the Nagas may be traced first in the formation of a Naga Club in 1918, which consisted of the Naga headmen and members of English educated Naga middle class (Das 1982).
From the 1980's onwards, virtually the entire Northeast was plagued by various ethnic movements. Most of the movements were non-violent in earlier stages, but gradually assumed severe militant nature. In the seven states of the Northeast India reportedly more than 30 'insurgent' groups operated, carrying on protracted armed-struggle. Among them the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN -IM, NSCN-K) and the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) remained prominent ones. Even though some scholars have tried to apply typology of class – formation to describe the ethnic conflict in the region, it may be argued that there are innumerable ethnic – regional factors buttressed by typical tribal features, which seem to influence the escalation of unrest.
It is amazing to note that at one point, more than 120 militant groups operated in India's northeast. Their demands ranged from autonomy to outright secession. In recent years, the Indian state has had considerable success in achieving stability in the region, using tactics from negotiations to military operations to root out militants. Militant outfits also used various tactics. They even joined hands as early as 1989 forming the Indo-Burmese Revolutionary Front (IBRF), which consisted of NSCN, ULFA, KNF (from India) and Chin National Front (Myanmar). The influence of IBRF diminished gradually. Until recently, the NSCN (IM), NSCN (K), Bodo Security Force (BSF), National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO) remained the most forceful and assertive groups. In the meantime quite a few Muslim extremist outfits too became active in the region (Das 1994). In the Manipur Hills, the most powerful defiant groups, besides the NSCN, are UNLF- (Meghen), PLA, KNO, KNF, KNA, KDF and KFC. The Kuki-Naga conflict rocked the state of Manipur in the mid-nineties. When the Naga claim of "proprietorship" over the vast hilly region of Manipur was endangered by demands for a 'Kuki Homeland', the NSCN quickly asserted its dominion. The Kuki Impi and the Zomi Council had worked tirelessly to bring about a permanent settlement. In Mizoram areas, the Reangs came to form Bru National Liberation Front whose leaders held talks with the Mizo Chief Minister. The population of displaced Reangs rose to 40,000 in camps in Tripura. The Mizos were specially perturbed when the Bru National union, formed in 1994 to protect the rights and privileges of the Reang minorities called for Autonomous District Council under the Sixth schedule of constitution. What gives strength to the demand of the Reangs (Brus) is their position as the second largest ethnic group in Mizoram. Both in pre-Independence and post-Independence eras, Tripura witnessed regular inflow of emigrants, and land alienation of tribals was rampant. The tribespeople thus became a minority in their own homeland. Tripura National Volunteers therefore did not target the state, but it opposed a community. In this respect, Bhaumik, says, "The TNV's anti-Bengali violence created a general climate of ethnic hatred, which were sharpened by large-scale alienation of the tribal lands and actual marginalization in jobs, professions and politics (1996). Prior to TNV, the Seng-krak (Clenched Fist) surfaced as a tribal insurgent group in 1967. It maintained close links with the Mizo National Front (MNF). Tribal leaders of Tripura, right from 1974, voiced demands of reservation, restoration of tribal land, and specially the restoration of native Kok-Borok as one of the official languages, and lastly the Autonomous District Council. The language and script issue, which engulfed Tripura for a long time, has hardly been addressed in right earnest.
There is a long history of incursion of outsiders, emigration and resettlement in Assam. One can see this broadly in four spheres; tea plantation related manual labour, Bengali Muslim emigration (mostly occupying agriculture), Hindu Bengali migration (mostly occupying service sector), and Marwari migration in trading sector. Bangladesh war resulted in over 10, 00,000 'refugees' taking shelter, who never returned. Modern Bangladeshi "infiltration" is however said to be a more severe phenomenon. It was alleged that Bangladesh Char area dialects spoken by the migrant Muslims, were declared as Assamese dialect to the census enumerators. Politicians too encouraged the Bangladeshi Muslims and other minorities into Assam, giving voting rights. This was a narrow exercise in electoral politics (Dixit 1998, 2003). This last wave of illegal- exodus from Bangladesh is a more dangerous phenomenon, as some among these infiltrators got involved in terrorist activities in parts of urban India. It is said fear within the native Assamese community of being overwhelmed by the unabated influx of illegal Bangladeshi migrants from across the porous border triggered off the long- drawn "Anti-Foreigner mass uprising -1979 - 1985", spearheaded by the All Assam Students' Union (AASU). It ended by arriving at an agreement, Assam Accord- 15 August 1985. The Accord fixed 25 March 1971 as the cut-off date for detection and expulsion of the illegal foreign migrants. The Assam movement was led by AASU. All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad- AAGSP, which was umbrella organization of several outfits, including Asom Sahitya Sabha, emerged as the political forum the AASU.
After its partitions, Assam was left with 23 tribes, comprising of 14 hill tribes of Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills; and nine plains tribes inhabiting the plains of the Brahmaputra Valley. Seeing development in the hills, some tribes became conscious to develop their sub-regions. Some tribes who had earlier launched movements rushed to renew their agitations. Thus the Ahom renewed the demand for the re- scheduling their scheduled tribe status. In order to push forward demand of a separate Ahom State, the 'Tai-Ahom Land Committee" was formed, by merging old organisations. In 1995 the Ahoms placed a 17-point charter of demands. Showing his concern for the Ahoms , the then Ahom Chief Minister of Assam, Hiteshwar Saikia, highlighted the unique cultural heritage of the Ahom people. The Karbis, have been conscious about their minority status vis-à-vis the majority - Assamese.
The Bodo movement is the longest social movement in the plains of Assam. The first two phases of the Bodo movement were concerned with social reforms (1947 – 1967) and consolidation of the Bodo identity vis-à-vis the Assamese community (1967 – 1987). Earlier phase of the Brahma movement (1907 onwards) was a short-lived 'Sanskritization movement' led by the Mech-Bodos. After second phase of mass protests, there was a Bodo Accord signed in February 1993 that had led to the creation of a Bodoland Autonomous Council (BAC). The BAC was a non-starter, as the territorial boundary issue remained unresolved. The movement for maximum autonomy by the Bodos, succeeded ultimately in securing a new politico-administrative structure within the existing State of Assam following a memorandum of understanding with the Government of India on 10 February, 2003. The Bodo-majority areas have now come under the new Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), an elective body. The BTC Accord is seen as a fulfilment of the sub-national aspirations of the Bodos of Assam. Under the BTC understanding, the Government of India provides financial assistance of Rs 100 crores per annum for 5 years for projects to develop the socio-economic infrastructure.
The Naga peace initiative has a long tradition. Diverse perceptions surrounded the earlier 19-point Agreement of 1960 and the Shillong Accord of 1975. In recent times the Naga Hoho convened a series of meetings of Church leaders and NGOs from all Naga areas culminating in a call for "journey of conscience" to seek reconciliation and to rebuild the Naga society. A Declaration was adopted in 2001 to pursue the cause of peace. Since 1998-99 peace parleys particularly with the NSCN (IM) has been generally successful. The NSCN (IM) has been demanding a homeland for all Nagas living in North East, which will be called 'Nagalim'.
Ethnic unrest in northeast is as old as the country's independence. The Indian independence along with the partition, influx of émigrés, suspected fear of linguistic –cultural subjugation, economic negligence, and failure to value approaching political institutions variously infused in the minds of the ethnic communities a 'sense of narcissistic self-awareness'. The spectre of social exclusion, minority-syndrome and ethnic rivalry remained the driving force for protests demanding autonomy in the shape of homeland/state/ or autonomous district council, within constitutional framework. Some of the movements followed the violent paths. While the former opted for constitutional path, the later sought an extra-constitutional / secessionist ideational path. Ever increasing evidences, however, now indicate that most of the militant outfits in North-East have now transformed themselves into terrorist entities, empty of their original objectives and ideology. For example, U.L.F.A. in Assam, since 1990s, has repudiated its earlier anti-Bangladeshi position. Vested interest and quarrel over interests led militant groups to clash among themselves. It will be incorrect to attach terrorist label to N.S.C.N., but the media reports suggest that most fatalities in Nagaland are the result of the infighting between the two factions of the N.S.C.N., rather than from government forces. Despite several successful peace initiatives, the security force operations are in place by utilizing the army, state police forces and the paramilitary forces to contain militancy.
Poor governance has been a major problem in the region. Wasbir Hussain says the region is caught in a vicious cycle of lack of economic development and then militancy and the resultant violence further retard economic growth. Under the circumstances, it is natural to find the people of the region harbouring a sense of alienation from the Indian mainstream and feel neglected. We have noted above how the state of Assam is under siege with the aspirations of different communities and groups showing no signs of a decline despite attempts at devolution of power to the grassroots level. B. P. Routray of the Institute for Conflict Management, has rightly observed that 'this is primarily a governance issue. Poor governance is the main trigger factor for ethnic groups clamouring for autonomy. Such demands from newer groups are here to stay.' Special provisions for self-governance and autonomy are provided for people of North East within the Constitution of India, particularly through such Acts as the Sixth Schedule, NEC and Department of North Eastern Region (DONER). The DONER and the North-Eastern Council, under the central control need more effectively to tackle the problems of unemployment, underemployment, and economic backwardness of the region. Let the people's representatives monitor the activities of these institutions. The DONER has an annual budget of Rs.550 crores. The NEC has another Rs.500 crores earmarked for the region. These are apart from the enormous amount of funding available to the States through different central schemes, one-time packages announced by successive Prime Ministers, 'Peace Packages' provided to States like Nagaland and Mizoram, grants by international development agencies like the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which in 2003 approved a master project of Rs.2, 000 crores for the Northeast. These institutional arrangements and provisions need to be appropriately regulated to assuage ethnic misgivings. In more recent years the peace initiatives, such as the bilateral cease- fire, and the peace talks held between militant leaders and government representatives, symbolize the determination of the Nation-state to resort to a broad -spectrum consensus on vital issues by adhering to flexibility and extendibility. These are basic foundations aimed at the national- consolidation, which should be strengthened. Peace, development and proper linkages are bound together and are intrinsic to harmony in the region. Gradually the region has increasingly witnessed not only naturalisation of electoral politics, but also slow adaptation of national political parties.
Resurgence of ethnic identity and persistence of ethnicised politics does not indicate repudiation of the political state. Their concern for variously perceived threats to their distinct ethnic identities and their anxiety for preservation of culture and language and their demand of autonomy can not be seen as dysfunctional for a healthy civil society. Their aspirations should be seen rather as prerequisites for distributive justice, to which no nation state can neglect. Indian path of institutional adjustments aimed at wining over and changing the opinion of hostile ethnic groups and extending special safeguards to hill States have helped solve ethnic problems to a great extent. These need to be endured.
REFERENCES:
Ahmed, A and Shore,C. 1995 'Introduction :Is Anthropology relevant to the Contemporary World' in A.Ahmed and C.Shore (Eds.) The Future of Anthropology; Its relevance to contemporary world. London: Athlone.
Barth, F.1994 Enduring and emerging issue in the analysis of ethnicity in H.Vermuelen and C.Govers (Eds.) The anthropology of ethnicity. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
Banks,Marcus, 1969 Ethnicity:Anthropological construction. London: Routlege .
Baruah, A.K. 1993. A note on the impact of Regionalism on a parliamentary democracy in India, pp. 60-66, in Regionalism in India B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi: Har-Anand publications.
Baruah ,Sanjib 1992 Symbolism and Statesmanship. The Telegraph.11 June 1992.
Bareh, H. 1993. India's northeast and her ethnic character during the British and contemporary set up, pp. 196-226, in Regionalism in India. B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi : Har-Anand publications
Cohen, A 1974 'Introduction: the lesson of ethnicity' in A.Cohen (Ed.) Urban Ethnicity London:Tavistock.
Eriksen, T.H.1993.Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto.
Geertz, Clifford.1973 The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Jenkins, Richard.1997 Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations .New Delhi/London: Sage Publications.
Banerje,Sumanta.2003 Bengali Left. Economic and Political Weekly.February 22,2003.
Bhadra,Gautam,1975."The Kuki(?)Uprising:Its causes and nature" Man in India 55,1.January-March,1975.
Bhattacharya,N.N.2000 .Trends of population growth in North east region ' in Population ,Poverty and Environment in North East East India Eds.Datta-Ray,B.B.,H.K.Mazhari, P.M.Passah and MCPandey.New Delhi: Concept.
Bhaumik,Subir 1996.Patterns of minority violence in north east India .Seminar on Minorities in Norath East india .13-14,January,1996.Dept. of Political Science Calcutta University Calcutta.
Bhattacharya,N.N.2000 .Trends of population growth in North east region ' in Population ,Poverty and Environment in North East East India Eds.Datta-Ray,B.B.,H.K.Mazhari, P.M.Passah and MCPandey.New Delhi: Concept.
Bhattacharya, S.K. 1990. Population Heterogeneity and Ethnic Indentity in Mizoram in Nationality. Ethnicity and Cultural Identity in North East India B. pakem (Ed.) Guwahati : omsons publications.
bhaumik, S. 1996. Patterns of minority violence on North-East. Seminar on minorities North East India. Dept. of Political Science. Calcutta University.(Mimeographed).
Das, A.K. 1981. Assams Agony New Delhi : lancers publishers.
Das N.K. 1982 The Naga movement in Tribal Movements in India VolumeI Ed. KSSingh Delhi:Manohar.
Das, N.K. 1987. A Report on Zeliangrong Areas of North-East India. A Report submitted through D.G.An.S.I. to P.M.O.New Delhi. Mimeographed. Shillong:Anthropological Survey of India.
Das, N.K. 1989 Ethnic Identity, Ethnicity and Social Stratification in NorthEast India. New Delhi:Inter-India Publications.
Das, N.K. 1993 Kinship, Politics and Law in Naga Society.Memoir No.96. Calcutta; Anthropological Survey of India.
Das, N.K. 1994 Ethno–Historical Processes and Ethnicity in North-East India Journal of Indian Anthropological Society 29 (1-2) 3-35.
Das, N.K., 2000.Religious Transformation and Cultural Change in NorthEast. Report of a project on History of Science.Department of Philosophy, Jadavpur University.Kolkata.(Mimeographed).
Das, N. K. 2001.Regionalism and Ethnicity in NorthEast J.Anthrop. Surv.India 50:1-16
Das, N. K. 2002 Dalit Women, Dalit Literature and Anthropology in Status of Women in Rural Societies. R.Chauabe and K.Saini (Eds.).Bina:Aditya Publishers.
Das. N.K. 1982 The Naga Movement. In Tribal movements in India Volume-I. Ed. K.S.Singh New Delhi: Manohar.
Das. N.K. 1982 The Zeliangrong or Haomei Movement. In Tribal movements in India Volume-I. Ed. K.S.Singh New Delhi: Manohar.
Das,N.K.. and P. Gupta 1982. 'Ahom Movement' in Tribal Movements In India Vol. i, K. S. Singh (Ed.) New Delhi : Manohar Publishers.
Das, N.K. 1988. A Report on Zeliangrong Areas of North-East India. A Report submitted through D.G.An.S.I. to P.M.O.New Delhi. Mimeographed. Shillong:Anthropological Survey of India.
Das, N.K. 1989 Ethnic Identity, Ethnicity and Social Stratification in NorthEast India. New Delhi:Inter-India Publications.
Das, N.K. 1993 Kinship, Politics and Law in Naga Society.Memoir No.96. Calcutta; Anthropological Survey of India.
Das, N.K. 1994 Ethno–Historical Processes and Ethnicity in North-East India Journal of Indian Anthropological Society 29 (1-2) 3-35.
Das, N.K. and P.Gupta 1982 'The Ahom Movement'in Tribal Movements in India VolumeI Ed.KS Singh Delhi:Manohar.
Das,N.K.,2000.Religious Transformation and Cultural Change in North-East India. Report of a project on History of Science. Department of Philosophy,Jadavpur University.Kolkata.(Mimeographed).
Das, N.K.2001.Regionalism and ethnicity in Northeast India.J.Anthrop.Surv.India.50:1-16.
Das, N.K.2003.Religious syncretism and cultural homogenisation on northeast India. In Culture, Religion and Philosophy: Critical Studies in Syncretism and Inter-Faith Harmony.N.K.Das (Ed.). New Delhi: Rawat.
Das, N.K.2004. Regionalism, Ethnicity and Nationalism in Northeast India .In Anthropology for Northeast India : A Reader . Indian Anthropological Congress Commemorative Volume. A. Basu, B.K.Das Gupta and J. Sarkar (Eds). Calcutta: Indian National Confederation and Academy of Anthropologists.
Das. N.K. , 2007 'Ethnicity, nationalism and regionalism in North-East India' In Ethnicity, Movement and Social Structure: Contested Cultural Identity. Eds. R.K. Bhadra and Mita Bhadra. Jaipur-New Delhi: Rawat Pub.
Datta, Sekhar.1996.Tripura Tribals. The Telegraph October 1996.
De, Barun and Suranjan Das 1992.Ethnic Revivalism: problems in the Indian union 'in Ethnicity caste and people .Ed. KSSingh..Delhi: Manohar and Anthropological survey of India.
Gassah, L.S.1990."Maintenance of ethnic Identity and Administrative framework: The Jaintia Sequence", in Nationality, Ethnicity and cultural Identity in North East India .Eds, B.Pakem.NewDelhi :Omsons Publications.
Das Gupta,Malbika 1993. 'Regionalism and separatist forces in Tripura' in Regionalism in India B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi : Har-Anand publications.
Datta, Sekhar.1996.Tripura Tribals. The telegraph.3 occtober 1996.
De, Barun and Suranjan Das 1992.Ethnic Revivalism: problems in the Indian union 'in Ethnicity caste and people .Ed. KSSingh..Delhi:Manohar and Anthropological survey of India.
Dixit J.N.No Suitors for Seven Sisters .The Telegraph 26 october,1998.
Dixit J.N.Back to Square One .The Telegraph 12 March 2003.
Gassah, L.S.1990."Maintenance of Ethnic Identity and Administrative Framework: The Jaintia Sequence", in Nationality, Ethnicity and cultural Identity in North East India .Eds, B.Pakem.NewDelhi :Omsons Publications.
Gassa, L.S. 1993. Regionalism and the HSPDP in Meghalaya, pp. 280-288, in Regionalism in India. B. Pakem (ed.) New Delhi : Har-Anand publications.
Ghosh,Subir 1996.A State and its fragments.The Telegraph.17 April 1996.
Ghosh,Subir 1996.Return of the natives The telegraph. 7 June 1996.
Gohain,Hiren 1990a The Task before Assam's elite.TheTelegraph.6 April 1990
Gohain,Hiren 1990b Whom does the ULFA seek to librate The Telegraph 31July 1990.
Guha,Amlendu.1982.The Indian National Question. Economic and Political Weekly .17(31) July 31.1982.
Guha,Amlendu.1987 "Nationalism: Pan-Indian and Regional in a Historical Perspective" in Nationality Question In India. Pune.1987.
Hazarika,S.1992.The Bangladeshisation of India. The Telegraph February.1992.
Hazarika,S.1993 Bordering on Catastrophe. The Telegraph 27 May 1993.
Hussain, Monirul, 2003. Governance and Electoral Processes in India's Northeast. Economic and Political Weekly. March 8-14,2003.
Hussain,Nazneen 1994.Brothers and other strangers The Telegraph 8,September 1994.
Imchen, C.L. 1993. Naga politics: Regionalism or Non-State Nation, pp. 103-122, in Regionalism in India.B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi : Har-Anand Publications
Kabui, Gangmumei 1992. Political development in Tribal North East India : A Historical perspective, pp. 203-213, in Tribal Transformation in India. Vol. II ed. buddhadeb Choudhury, New Delhi : Inter India publications.
Kamkhenthang,H.1990 Identity crisis among the tribes of Manipur. In Nationality, Ethnicity and cultural Identity in North East India .Eds, B.Pakem.NewDelhi :Omsons Publications.
Lalghungnunga 1993. 'Regionalism in north east India : The case of Mizoram' in Regionalism in India B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi : Har - Anand publications.
Mukherji,Bhabananda and K.S.Singh 1982 Tribal movements in Tripura. " in Tribal Movements in India Volume I Ed. K.S.Singh Delhi :Manohar.
Mukherji,D.P. P.Gupta and N.K.Das 1982 "The Zeliangrong or Haomei Movement" in Tribal Movements in India Volume I Ed. K.S.Singh Delhi :Manohar.
Mukhopadhyaya ,Kanchan,1994 Dynamics of ethnic identity Maintenance among the Khasis of north east India. J.Indian.Anthrop.Society.29 (3)209-219.
Majumdar,D.N. n.d. Ethnic situation of North Eaest India .Mimeographed.
Miri,Sujata 1993. Communalism in Assam: A civilizational Approach. New Delhi : Har-Anand Publications.
Nunthara, C. 1993. The maintenance of Ethnic boundary in Mizoram : a case of identity politics in Regionalism in India B. Pakem (Ed.) new Delhi : Har-Anand Publications.
Omvedt, Gail 1993. The North East Region and Indian civilization: A view from the East in Regionalism in India. B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi : Har-Anand publications.
Report on Bodo Issue. 1993-96. A Report submitted to the Government of India.Mimeographed.
Sarkar, J.K.1982."APHLC in Retrospective" in Tribal Movements in India Volume I Ed. K.S.Singh Delhi: Manohar.
Saikia, D and D.N. Majumdar 1990. Some characteristics of Ethno-cultural identity of North-east India in Nationality, Ethnicity and cultural identity in north east india, B. pakem (Ed.) Guwahati : Omsons Publications.
Sharma ,K.N.1983 'who turned Assam in to this graveyard'. For a new democracy. March-April ,1983.
Singh, B.P. 1987. The Problem of Change: A study of North East India. New Delhi : Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Singh, R.K. 1990. 'Tribla Identity in Manipur' in Nationality, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity in NorthEast India. B. Pakem (Ed.) Guwahati : Omsons Publications.
Smith, Anthony 1979.Nationalism in Twentieth Century. Oxford: Martin. R.O.
Smith, Anthony.1981. The Ethnic Revival in the modern World. Cambridge :Cambridge University Press.
Talukdar, A.C. 1993. 'Regional Political Party, Arunachal Pradesh : Its nature and role in State politics in Regionalism in India B. Pakem (Ed.) New Delhi : Har-Anand Publications.
Thomas, C.J.1994. 'Ethnic Cleansing by Dirty Politics' The Telegaraph.28 January 1994.
Weiner, Myron 1978 Sons of Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Weiner, Myron 1983 Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigration Movement. Population Development Review. Vol.9.1983
Ghosh,Subir 1996.A State and its fragments.The Telegraph.17 april 1996.
Ghosh,Subir 1996.Return of the natives The telegraph. 7 June 1996.
Gohain,Hiren 1990a The Task before Assam's elite.TheTelegraph.6 April 1990
Gohain,Hiren 1990b Whom does the ULFA seek to librate The Telrgraph31July1990.
Guha,Amlendu.1982.The Indian National Question. Economic and Political Weekly .17(31) July 31.1982.
Guha,Amlendu.1987 "Nationalism: Pan-Indian and Regional in a Historical Perspective" in Nationality Question In India. Pune.1987.
Hazarika,S.1992.The Bangladeshisation of India. The Telegraph.6 February.1992.
Hazarika,S.1993 Bordering on catostrophy The Telegraph 27 May 1993.
Hazarika,Sanjoy 2001 Imphal Imbroglio.The Times of India .June 29,2001.
Hussain,Nazneen 1994.Brothers and other strangers The Telegraph 8,september 1994.
Imchen, C.L.1993.Naga politics: regionalism or non-state Nation. In Regionalism in India. B.Pakem (Ed.). New Delhi:Har Anand Publications.
Kamkhenthang,H.1990 Identity crisis among the tribes of Manipur. In Nationality, Ethnicity and cultural Identity in North East India .Eds, B.Pakem.NewDelhi :Omsons Publications.
Mukherji,D.P. P.Gupta and N.K.Das 1982 "The Zeliangrong or Haomei Movement" in Tribal Movements in India Volume I Ed. K.S.Singh Delhi :Manohar.
Mukhopadhyaya ,Kanchan,1994 Dynamics of ethnic identity Maintenance among the Khasis of north east India. J.Indian.Anthrop.Society.29 (3)209-219.
Natarajan,Nalini 1977.The Missionary among the Khsis.New Delhi Sterling.
Report on Bodo Issue. 1993-96. A Report submitted to the Government of India.Mimeographed.
Navalakha,Gautam 2003.Naga Peace Process. Economic and Political Weekly.February 22,2003.
Majumdar,D.N. n.d. Ethnic situation of North Eaest India .Mimeographed.
Sarkar, J.K.1982."APHLC in Retrospective" in Tribal Movements in India Volume I Ed. K.S.Singh Delhi :Manohar.
Smith,Anthony 1979.Nationalism in Twentieth Century .Oxford: Martin. R.O.
Smith, Anthony.1981. The Ethnic Revival in the modern World. Cambridge :Cambridge University Press.
Thomas,C.J.1994.'Ethnic Cleansing by Dirty Politics' The Telegaraph.28 January 1994.
Weiner, Myron 1978 Sons of Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Weiner, Myron 1983 Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigration Movement . Population Development Review. Vol.9.1983
Whitten, Norman, E.1975. 'Jungle Buchchu ethnicity' in Le Despres (Ed.) Ethnicity and Resource competition in Plural societies. Paris: Mouton.
Wolf, E.R.1994. Perilous Ideas: Race, Culture, People" Current Anthropology, 35: 1-12.
http://www.authorsden.com/visit/viewarticle.asp?AuthorID=121423&id=53810
Mainstream, Vol XLVI, No 19
Cultural Heterogeneity and Exclusion in India
For some politicians it is difficult to understand India's diversity and appreciate it too. The lesson taught in our school days that there exists 'unity in diversity' in Indian society is taught even today in our schools and colleges. Although the slogan emerged at a particular point in time yet it is as relevant as it used to be in the past. However, very few know the basis of this 'unity of diversity' contained in this slogan, which was coined by British historian Vincent Smith and later on popularised by our first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. The basis of unity is unique because it did not emerge out of similarity. Unity in this slogan does not mean uniformity. This unity is organic in nature, because this emerges from differences. Very much like the unity of different organs of the human body. As in an organism, although the organs of the body are different in their shape, size and function yet they contribute to the maintenance of the body; similarly in Indian society, there are so many social groups which are of different shape, size and perform different functions but they all contribute to the main-tenance of the Indian society.
Each group has contributed in its own capacity since time immemorial to running the country's economy, polity and society. For instance, a very small religious group like the Parsis has contributed in a significant way to the development of the country's economy and science and technology. This helped India to maintain its scientific capability. Who can forget the labour of the Sikhs of Punjab for producing tonnes to wheat to feed the country, of course with the help of the migrant Bihar and Uttar Pradeshi labour. The Dalits and tribals have contributed their labour, acting as landless agricultural and industrial labourers, in running the economy and polity of this country. Moreover, what is known as Indian art and culture today comprises Buddhist, Jain, Mughal and British architecture as well as Madhubani and tribal paintings. Can we forget the role of Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana and Raskhan in popularising the Hindi language? If Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, Pandit Jasraj have enriched the Indian classical singing the Dagar Brothers popularised the Dhrupad style of singing which starts with Sanskrit shlokas. The jugalbandi of Ustad Bismillha Khan's shehnai and tabla of Ustad Zakir Hussain take Indian music to different heights. This list can be unending but I think these examples are enough to make the point that it is the collective effort of Indians which runs the country.
HOWEVER, diversity is the reality of Indian society. But what we have to understand is that no one community has deliberately created this diversity. Rather, it is natural in nature. The Indian diversity has evolved through eight interrelarted and interconnected epochs. If we take the Indus valley civilisation as the starting point, then the first epoch of the Indian society starts with the advent of the Aryans, which created a hierarchical social order and hence the diversity. The second epoch comprises Jain and Buddhist revolutions. The advent of Islam both through Sufism, that is, through peaceful means, and the 'kings' conquests' is the fourth epoch. The coming of the Europeans, the British victory and the establishment of colonial rule mark the beginning of the fifth epoch in making India more diverse culturally and religion-wise. The trauma of partition of the country the transfer of huge populations on both sides of the artificial but political borders is the sixth epoch of Indian history. The commencement of our democratic Constitution along with the process of modernisation, which included the establishment of big industries and dams, can be termed as the seventh epoch in the making of India as we see it today. This epoch is significant because after centuries Indians got the identity of free citizenship. The different identities of region, religion, caste, etc. became subservient to this identity of the citizen, at least in the spheres of constitutional rights and state run programmes and policies. The eighth epoch in the making of contemporary India started with the process globalisation along with its sub-processes of liberalisation, privatisation and information revolution.
In turn these aforementioned epochs have given birth to diversities of different types. That is why people of all major religions of the world—Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Bahai live in India. Along with these religious groups there are a number of sects and cults and other divisions in all the religions found in India. It is interesting to note all the religions are internally differentiated. Further, according to B.S. Guha's classification, people of six racial stocks live in India. However, linguist Grierson reported 179 languages and 544 dialects in India. However, according to the 1971 census there were 1652 languages spoken as mother tongue. Knowing fully well this linguistic diversity the framers of the Indian Constitution gave certain languages a co-national status. The Constitution of India now recognises 22 languages, spoken in different parts the country, namely, Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu. The intellectuals always play down the caste system as if it shows them the mirror of their so-called tolerant society. However, the reality is that Indian diversity becomes more acute because of the presence of approximately 6000 castes in it. The Mandal Commission alone listed 3743 castes plus there are 1000 Scheduled Castes well. If we add to these castes, sub-castes and sub-sub-castes, it is very difficult to comprehend this diversity. Although intellectuals keep on downplaying the existence of caste in society, stressing on the difference between caste assertion and caste in Indian politics, there is 'caste in Indian politics', 'politics of caste' and caste-ism writ large in Indian society.
THE most worrisome aspect of this diversity in Indian society is that it is accompanied by exclusion as well. Although this exclusion because of different diversities is part and parcel of Indian society, it is not discussed among the masses in general and in classrooms in particular. We are told on and off about the unity in diversity but rarely are we told abot the hegemony in diversity. If we analyse the nature of the exclusions in Indian society we will find its different forms with different basis. There is exclusion on the basis of cultural heterogeneity. In this type of exclusion groups are excluded because they differ on the basis cultural diversities even though they belong to same country and religion. The cultural region becomes very important in this type of exclusion. But the positive aspect of this type of exclusions is that it is always temporary in nature. That is, it passes out quickly and is never successful in driving out the people en masse from the host society. The latest outburst of a politically naïve leader against the North Indians in Mumbai is one of the recent examples of such exclusion. We can observe ourselves that although the people from UP and Bihar are Indians and a majority of them belong to the same religious group, they are not welcome in the alien culture. However, it is certain that this politics of hate against North Indians will not last long and will die its own death. Nobody would have taken note of it had the media not aired it continually for several days. One can recall the Shiv Sena's example. It came to power on the plank 'Mumbai for Marathis' but soon its leadership added religious exclusion, which has a different basis. The leadership took a plank of the 'Hindu Hriday Samrat' for mobilisation and consolidation. Similarly, the allergy of the Dravidian parties in South India against Hindi did not last long as well. Both the Dravidian parties aligned with a party which swears in the name of Hindi and Hindutva.
In comparison to exclusion based on cultural heterogeneity the exclusion on the bases of gender, that is, between men and women, hierarchy and externality are more dangerous. Fifty per cent of the Indian population had been excluded because of gender only. Female foeticide is the latest form of eclusion. Further, around a quarter of the Indian population is excluded in Indian society on the basis of hierarchy, that is, on the basis of their caste. Here, especially in the case of ex-untouchables or Dalits, who are considered a part of the Hindu religion and belong to the same country, they are excluded from the main part of the village, certain occupations and day-to-day life interaction. They are now excluded from modern institutions like education, judiciary, bureaucracy, market and media. Another form of exclusion, which occurs in Indian society, is because certain people follow certain religious faiths which have a foreign origin. The exclusion of Muslims and Christians is the most glaring example. Even though they have been living here for generations and contribute with their labour in the process of nation-building, they are often told to got out of this country as they do not belong to this land. These types of exclusions are more permanent and harmful in nature. Their permanence is evident from the fact that in spite of a number of movements and campaigns since time immemorial they continue to survive and persist in society. Therefore, while celebrating diversity we should be more concerned about the exclusions based on gender, religion, caste and tribe. One should not worry too much about the exclusions emerging out of cultural heterogeneity. On the other hand the media should boycott such attempts of power hungry people creating hype to heighten the exclusions. The TV channels should be aware of the fact that, after all, India has survived all these years only celebrating its diversity and whosoever has tried to undermine this diversity for homogenisation has become history in due course of time.
The author is an Assistant Professor of Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
Report of the Consultation on
Law, Caste and Communalism: Towards Evolving an Agenda for the Centre for the Study of Caste Communalism and Law, NLSIU
Introduction
The Centre for the Study of Caste Communalism and Law (CSCCL) was formally established in the NLSIU in May 2002. The primary objective of the CSCCL is to develop and contribute to the expansion of socio-legal research and critically informed jurisprudence in the area of caste and communalism. Following the early institutional phase, during which it focused largely on two research projects for the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, the CSCCL is now looking to significantly expand its scope of work. In this context it was felt necessary to convene a consultation of a range of experts in the field of law, caste and communalism to enable the CSCCL to both take stock of extant nature of work in this area as well as develop an informed agenda for itself.
The consultation on Law, Caste and Communalism: Towards Evolving an Agenda for CSCCL, was held at the NLSIU, Bangalore on the 17th and 18th December 2006. The consultation saw the participation of nearly 50 renowned academics, political commentators and activists, lawyers, jurists, journalists etc. The two day consultation provided a fertile ground for rich discussion and debate on a whole gamut of issues. This report attempts to succinctly capture the key issues emerging from the two day deliberation. The report has been crafted from the view point of highlighting the questions, issues and challenges that the consultation threw up in terms of the possible future direction of the work of the CSCCL and is best read in that context. Given that the consultation focused primarily on caste (it is proposed to have a more detailed discussion on communalism at a later point in time) the report discusses issues pertaining to caste far more extensively than communalism.
1. Socio-legal Research on Caste: Issues and Challenges
1.1 Socio-legal Theorizing of Caste
The approaches to research on caste in the social sciences may be bracketed in two broad ways, the first being the Book View of caste. This approach focuses largely on theorizing caste and unpacking concepts such as varna , jati , caste etc. This approach is also characterized by its view of caste as social theory. Notable exponents of this approach include Ambedkar, Ghurye, Srinivas, Dumont etc. The second approach is what may be termed as a Field View of caste. This approach to caste may be characterized as one that that privileges the study of caste as a system and castes as groups. This approach has actively engaged with issues such as hierarchy, exploitation, and mobilization and has also been influenced by Constitutional discourses on inequality and emancipation. The two approaches are of course not mutually exclusive but are perhaps distinct only in so far as their starting points are concerned.
Some important further explorations that may be considered to be of immediate relevance include:
a) enhancing the use of employing diachronic approaches to the study of caste
b) deeper studies of the caste system amongst non-Hindus and its impacts and consequences
c) caste amongst Indian diasporas
An integral part of the challenge of engaging with research on caste is the question of bracketing specific knowledge complexes as social science. It is vital to go beyond social science readings of caste to understand how caste has figured, been engaged with and interrogated in other texts especially those from cinema, literature as well as official documents (statutory, policy and related texts).
Caste is best understood as a supra-enumerative concept, a set of inner determinants that position individuals and social groups alike. However the question of whether indeed these �positions' constitute a system has been a question that has been one of the many questions that has animated social science research recently. The systemic nature of caste draws upon its key organizing principles like �graded inequality', �hierarchy', and �purity and pollution'.
On the other hand the castes have also been read as discrete social groups not necessarily part of a larger system. In this view castes are more akin to communities, or at least would be so in certain contexts. The caste as community view tends to see caste as a shared cementing and segmenting identity in two distinct but inter-connected ways. Firstly, caste provides a platform, i.e. a shared identity that is a ready-made resource for social, political bargaining. Secondly it has been argued that the segmenting nature of caste has actually been instrumental in halting or impeded the ability of hegemonic discourses such as Hindutva from completely overrunning Indian society.
In addition to the gamut of issues above there is a wide spectrum of relational issues relevant to socio-legal theorizing of caste, these include caste and its relationship with gender, class, religion, ideology, power and rights. Also of great relevance are other knowledge power complexes such as brahmanism, dominance and casteism.
It is possible to construe of casteism as a socially disapproved category. However �ism' in this sense is better understood, particularly in the context of this discussion, as referring to knowledge production or forms of knowledge and/or making meaning of social realities rather than specific traits or characteristics. In this context how would socio-legal research on caste engage with the historic and even heroic meaning making endeavours of the dalit movement in India, sometimes characterized as both �old' and �new'? Further, how can such research account for the central historical conflict in �Indian' society between Hinduism and Buddhism. The last issue of course raises the critical question of whether discourses of development and/or empowerment of SCs/STs is frequently framed with the framework of the broader Hindu religio-socio-cultural complex, despite warnings against this by intellectuals like Ambedkar.
1.2 Socio-Legal Knowledge and Caste
The idea of socio-legal research could be characterized as socially constructed knowledge that is used for legal or statutory purposes. On the hand this feeds into jurisprudence and on the other into policy and/or broader public (governmental and civil society) concerns. The primary notion of jurisprudence is in the sense of accumulation of knowledge within the legal system as a whole, not just the Judges. The political and legal system draw legitimacy from the Constitution, but the social system, based as it is on caste, actually is at odds with the values and social vision espoused by the Constitution. However it is within this social system that the judicial/legal system operates. This raises the question, on the one hand of the social character of the judiciary and on the other hand, of the character of knowledge that is accumulated within the legal system as a whole. Is there a jurisprudence of casteism and communalism just as there is for instance, a jurisprudence of equality.
1.3 Caste and the Rule and Role of Law
Are caste and the rule of law, in so far as it is a narrative of the powerful, antithetical to each other, especially when it comes to responding effectively to issues of untouchability and other forms of caste based discrimination. With a conviction rate of less than 1 per cent and hardly any systematic effort at developing the institutional mechanisms needed for its effective implementation is the SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act a dead letter. More generally speaking to what extent are legal remedies and the legal system as whole meaningful in the context of caste discrimination. How substantively distinct in character are modern legal texts from the Manudharmashahtra. What could be the nature of socio-legal research endeavours that seek to �de-brahminise' law.
An important question that arises in this context is the role of law and that of social mobilization and popular education. The law, it has to be recognized, can at best provide for rights and mechanisms to deal with discriminatory practices but the basis of discrimination, which is really the wider social acceptance of caste cannot be dealt with law. Building a new consensus around the need to annihilate caste is an agenda for social mobilization based on popular education both in formal and non-formal spaces. There is also a need to develop and sustain a more discerning and sophisticated critique of law and the legal system as a whole for, notwithstanding its myriad limitations, the law and jurisprudence in particular, still needs to be retained as a legitimate site of struggle.
1.4 Untouchability and Humiliation
Untouchability remains an extremely important agenda for socio-legal research. The legal and specifically judicial discourses have also failed to distinguish between caste and untouchability. In this direction, work on the ontological nature of untouchability and of other forms of humiliation in the context of a field view of caste assumes great importance. For instance it is clear that untouchability lives on even after physical/clinical death. There is therefore a need for articulation of Constitutional discourses of �touch', the �body' and by extension, even �space' and also perhaps socio-legal discourses of humiliation. This is critical in terms of �dismantling segregation' agenda, especially a critical reassessment of and examination of social distance and spatial segregation in both the rural and urban contexts. Any meaningful research into caste and law must engage with the question of the challenges to democratizing �touch' and �space'.
1.5 Law, Social Opportunity and Economic Development
As the work of Navsarjan and several other civil society organizations as well as trends in electoral politics show, the economic and social rights agenda of dalit liberation are critical. This research and action agenda assumes even greater importance in the context of economic globalization and the intense competition for resources as well as the erosion of the welfare state. Socio-legal research cannot ignore the question of access to land and productive resources/assets, social opportunities and capabilities such as health and education.
In addition to productive resources and assets is the question of access to public resources. The relatively low impact of a plethora of special plans and schemes is as much due to paltry budget allocations that seldom match the lofty rhetoric of policy as much as it is due to a whole host of implementation bottlenecks, many of them structural in nature, that impede and indeed even resist the genuine participation of those for whom it is meant. In this context the question of how to hold the state as well as civil society actors accountable to deliver on promised entitlements is crucially important. Building on the considerable body of theoretical knowledge and practice in this area socio-legal research should attempt to map accountability relationships, in a wide range of contexts including and especially development planning and practice that can enable a more effective understanding of these relationships and eventually their transformation.
It is also clear however that access to social opportunities and economic development is also a function of political processes, mobilization and action. The first of a series of questions that arises in this regard is that of what constitutes caste and in particular dalit identity in the context of the competition for resources. And in this context arises the question of how the law frames obligations, both of state and non-state actors, a point that assumes particular importance in the context of the demand for reservations in the private sector, for instance. The importance therefore of a thorough systems analysis that maps social and political relationships on the legal terrain would constitute a critical component of socio-legal research and enquiry into caste and socio-economic development.
1.6 Diversity and Representation
Social opportunities and issues of representation are inextricably linked. Apart from the judiciary institutions of higher education (universities etc) continue to be marked by severe under representation of SCs and STs , this despite affirmative action in the form of reservation. It is important to qualify however that this under representation peaks as one travels up the organizational hierarchy. For instance while reservation quotas may be filled or close to being filled at the Class IV level the gap increase sharply at the higher classes. Similarly in Universities while SCs and Sts may be found in some substantial numbers among non-teaching service staff, the gap is substantial at higher levels, especially in the Faculty positions. It is in this discursive context that socio-legal research needs to engage with caste in and of the courts. The question of inadequate representation of Dalits within the judiciary and recent judicial decisions that seek to limit the remit of reservations, especially the 50 per cent ceiling and the creamy layer criterion, need critical examination.
The question of under and even non-representation dogs civil society organizations, even those espousing the cause of dalit liberation and caste annihilation are found lacking and even unwilling to invest in diversity, especially in their leadership bodies/positions. While statutory obligations of diversity and representation may not invite the widest consensus, there is more than enough evidence to suggest that it can have a substantial positive impact. In the context of a highly diverse and fragmented socio-cultural environment any statutory or policy prescriptions or for that voluntary codes on diversity would need to be informed by substantive empirical and theoretical work that advances a thick understanding of diversity, with the caveat that visibility is a necessary but not sufficient condition for environment. And would this provide perhaps the necessary theoretical and empirical fertility needed to precipitate an epistemological shift in understanding, articulating and perhaps even advancing reservations.
1.7 Institutionalizing and (Re)Positioning Socio-Legal Research on Caste
In addition to the above there were at least three specific questions that the consultation gave rise that are relevant to developing the institutional agenda and positioning of the CSCCL. These are:
- It is but a truism to say that it is vital that knowledge production and decision making are interfaced so as to enable informed and well considered decisions. However in practice the hiatus is there for all to see, with the State and even civil society actors/institutions starting with the wrong premises, and mistaken notions and faulty assumptions defeating the best of intentions and policies. What therefore would constitute the best strategies for developing an effective interface and mechanism to ensure that research is relevant to, feeds into and informs, in particular, state interventions and responses on the diverse questions/issues related to caste.
- The fragmentation in civil society is in some senses both a cause and symptom of the ideological confusion and crisis. There is an urgent need today for facilitating and threading together diverse streams of though and action that characterize �the' anti-caste social movements. It is only from this will a clearer picture of the issues dogging both theory and practice of caste, and its annihilation, emerge. What processes of knowledge production and generation can facilitate such a threading together and influence a greater and a more diverse people into coming together.
- The criticality of engaging with the particular, for instance responding to specific and egregious instances of violations, cannot be exaggerated, just as the �problem-oriented' research is critical. However at the same it is vital that all such specific and contextualized knowledge production initiatives lead to a theorizing of the particular thus contributing to the development of a wider body of knowledge. It is vital that a balance therefore be struck between the need for problem-oriented and area/discipline-oriented research.
2. Socio-legal Research on Communalism: Issues and Challenges
Communalism has occupied a significant space in the social science imagination since about 1920's at least. Research on communalism has been built primarily around three axes: religion, nationalism and communities/identities. The rise of cultural nationalism and religion based separatism and its violent manifestation provided the early thrust to the engagement with communalism.
The considerably large body of work dedicated to riot anatomies and structures of communal identity has drawn attention to the urgent need to consider a wide range of issues relevant to socio-legal research. The first and most obvious question it throws up in this regard has to do with the focus of such research. Even while acknowledging that in post-colonial India nationalism has been displaced by secularism as the �other' of communalism it is important to guard against an over-emphasis on religion. If communalism is understood as the mobilization of religious identities for political ends does religion only have an instrumental value as far as communalism is concerned.
In this context it is critical that socio-legal research on communalism steer clear of adopting an unproblematic and unsophisticated view of Muslims, one of the major problems that have dogged the theorizing of communalism in India . The framing of categories such as �Indian Muslims', �India's Muslim community' etc. have often tended to obscure and erase the complex and diverse nature of social, cultural, political, economic and even religious differentiation that exists amongst the large Muslim populace in India. Juridical and legal discourses need to be critical reassessed in terms of their construction and deployment of a Muslim identity.
In the recent past work on communalism has also been situated within the context of institutionalized mechanisms of violence on the one hand and institutionalized mechanisms of peace building. A crucial agenda for socio-legal research concerned with communalism in this context is of course the communally adjusted perspective of criminality, law and order. The now well documented but systemically ignored fact of communal bias in law enforcement, which reached unprecedented and even genocidal proportions in Gujarat , needs to be of central concern.
To the extent that it fundamentally distorts fundamental Constitutional guarantees, law (such as those pertaining to conversion and �terrorism') and law enforcement has actually given rise to communally adjusted discourses of citizenship and criminalization of minority, particularly Muslim, identity, all of which warrant urgent unraveling and interrogation. This necessarily implies that such a socio-legal research endeavour will also have to map the contours of nationalism onto the field of law and jurisprudence in general and the �everyday' functioning of the Indian legal system in particular.
The conjunction of caste and religion and casteism and communalism, particularly post-Gujarat, presents a compelling challenge to a socio-legal research agenda on communalism. One critical dimension of this is the entire complex of issues related to issues of protective discrimination or affirmative action in favour of dalit who have renounced Hinduism. The expansion of the Constitutional discourse in this regard to cover Buddhist, Sikh and Jain converts but exclude Muslim and Christian converts is a burning political and near future perhaps will be a judicial issue.
http://www.nls.ac.in/csse/ | ||||||
Global Research, April 25, 2009 | ||||||
| ||||||
Content Alert
Your Mail
Issue : VOL 45 No. 24 June 12 - June 18, 2010
EDITORIALS
Chronic Denial of Justice
Growth with Imbalances
Worlding the Cup
H T PAREKH FINANCE COLUMN
World Economy Not Out of the Woods
T T Ram MohanCOMMENTARY
Kerala's LDF Government in Four Years of Office
A K PatMismanagement of Indian Management Education
Abhijit BhattacharyaA Critique of the Communal Violence Bill 2005
S T RameshShadow-boxing in Punjab on Government Finances
Atul SoodGandhi, Gujarati Spelling and the Ideology of Standardisation
Himanshu UpadhyayaRemembering Raj: A Reflection
K S KrishnaswamyBOOK REVIEWS
Keeping the Trust in the Commons
Kanchan ChopraSeminar: 50 Years of Exploring Indian Perspectives
Sumanta BanerjeeMissing Millennium Goals
HimanshuPERSPECTIVES
Slumdog Millionaire and Epistemologies of the City
Jonathan Shapiro Anjaria , Ulka AnjariaSPECIAL ARTICLES
Dharavi: Makeover or Takeover?
Shirish B PatelOrganised versus Unorganised Manufacturing Performance in the Post-Reform Period
Vinish Kathuria , Rajesh Raj S N , Kunal SenCommercialisation of Microfinance in India: A Discussion of the Emperor's Apparel
M S SriramPublic Participation, Teacher Accountability and School Outcomes in Three States
Priyanka Pandey , Sangeeta Goyal , Venkatesh SundararamanDISCUSSION
Replacing Science with Mystery
George ThomasCURRENT STATISTICS
Macroeconomic Indicators (12 June 2010)
EPW Research FoundationIndia's Quarterly GDP Estimates from 2007-08 to 2009-10 (2004-05 Series)
EPW Research FoundationSecondary Market Transactions in Government Securities and the Forex Market – May 2010
Clearing Corporation of India LimitedLETTERS
Against the Death Penalty
A K DasguptaAnjan Ghosh
Ravindra K JainConspiracy to Implicate Maoists
AzadTrends in Military Expenditure
Pavan NairWho Is to Blame in Lalgarh?
Arnab PalAcrobat Reader by clicking on the icon below .
Ganpatrao Kadam Marg,
Lower Parel,
Mumbai, India 400 013
Phones: +91-22-40638282, Fax: +91-22-24934515
E-mail: epw.mumbai@gmail.com, edit@epw.in
Letter from the ministry of petroleum and natural gas that shows how Dow hid the UCC-origin of the product it was trying to sell to Indian Oil Corporation:
Letter from Dow India to PM's principal secretary TKA Nair:
The letters that Dow CEO Andrew Liveris wrote to P. Chidambaram and Kamal Nath in October 2008, complaining about Chemical Ministry "recommending a delay" in Dow's projects and how it contradicts the "earlier discussions, before signing rgw MOU, when Dow India had met with the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, and was advised that the government would welcome this investment" and how "it is critical that the Government of India speaks with one voice on issues of foreign direct investment and sustained domestic economic growth."
Not only that, the letters also look for "tangible evidence of government action in the next 30 days"
Courtesy: Bhopal Group For Information and Action
Also See: Signals From Above and The PMO Documents
And Outlook's 2007 story: The Acid Wash Effect
Posts
No comments:
Post a Comment